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		<title>Advanced Programming &#8211; Exercise 1</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/09/09/advanced-programming-exercise-1/</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Sep 2011 17:44:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Advanced Programming]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Haskell]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Min tilgang til Advanced Programming kurset er at uploade mine svar til de øvelser der bliver lagt ud i stedet for at skrive noter. Hvis der er nogen spørgsmål til min fremgang så skriv endelig Exercise 1 Det skal lige siges, at jeg har aldrig kodet Haskell før, så dette er mit første forsøg på [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=766&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Min tilgang til Advanced Programming kurset er at uploade mine svar til de øvelser der bliver lagt ud i stedet for at skrive noter. Hvis der er nogen spørgsmål til min fremgang så skriv endelig <img src='http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
<h1>Exercise 1</h1>
<p>Det skal lige siges, at jeg har aldrig kodet Haskell før, så dette er mit første forsøg på at lære sproget. Jeg synes at øvelsen hoppede meget rundt i forskellige dele af sproget (niveau-mæssigt. let &#8211; avanceret), men det er nu også fint nok. Opgavesættet kan findes her: http://diku.dk/hjemmesider/ansatte/kflarsen/ap-e2011/exercise-haskell-intro.html</p>
<p>Min løsning kan findes her: <a href="http://pastie.org/2509579">http://pastie.org/2509579</a></p>
<p>Jeg har brugt følgende bøger (tilgængelige online) til at sætte mig ind i sproget: <a href="http://learnyouahaskell.com/chapters">http://learnyouahaskell.com/chapters</a> og <a href="http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/">http://book.realworldhaskell.org/read/</a></p>
<p>Jeg har ikke testet den for fejl, men jeg tror den er god nok. Jeg har prøvet at skrive så &#8220;funktionelt&#8221; og &#8220;flot&#8221; som jeg nu kan med min iterative hjerne <img src='http://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif' alt=':)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>Algebra1 &#8211; Mine svar på tidl. års eksamensopgaver</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/algebra1-mine-svar-pa-tidl-ars-eksamensopgaver/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 31 Mar 2011 11:36:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Tænkte jeg lige ville kverne dem igennem, og så kunne jeg lige så godt smide mine svar herop. ex10 1.i &#8211; De to grupper og er begge abelske grupper af orden 16. Argumenter for at de ikke er isomorfe: Vi ser hurtigt, at har et element af orden 16, mens alle ikke-trivieller elementer i den [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=742&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Tænkte jeg lige ville kverne dem igennem, og så kunne jeg lige så godt smide mine svar herop.</p>
<h2>ex10</h2>
<p><strong>1.i &#8211; De to grupper <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_16&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_16' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_16' class='latex' /> er begge abelske grupper af orden 16. Argumenter for at de ikke er isomorfe:</strong></p>
<p>Vi ser hurtigt, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_16&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_16' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_16' class='latex' /> har et element af orden 16, mens alle ikke-trivieller elementer i den anden gruppe har orden 2. (Alternativt kan vi se, at de invariante faktorer er forskellige)</p>
<p><strong>1.ii &#8211; Hvor mange abelske grupper findes der af orden 16:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B2%5E4%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^4}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^4}' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B2%5E3%7D+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^3} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^3} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B2%5E2%7D+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^2} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^2} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' class='latex' /></li>
<li> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B2%5E2%7D+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B2%5E2%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^2} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^2}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^2} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^2}' class='latex' /></li>
<li> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>2.i &#8211; p, q primtal. Hvor mange forskellige abelske grupper findes der af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5E3q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^3q' title='p^3q' class='latex' />:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5E3%7D+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^3} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_q' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^3} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_q' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5E2%7D+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_p+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^2} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_p &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_q' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^2} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_p &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_q' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_p+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_p+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_t+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_p &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_p &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_t &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_q' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_p &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_p &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_t &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_q' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>2.ii &#8211; Hvad er de invariante faktorer af 2. herover, begrund:</strong></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_p+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5E2q%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_p &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^2q}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_p &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^2q}' class='latex' />. Begrundelse: Klart at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p+%7C+p%5E2q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p | p^2q' title='p | p^2q' class='latex' />. Sætning siger at disse er entydigt bestemt, så der kan ikke være andre.</p>
<p><strong>3 &#8211; Giv bevis for at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_t+%3C+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_t &lt; G' title='G_t &lt; G' class='latex' /> (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_t' title='G_t' class='latex' /> er alle de elementer i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> med endelig orden.), G er abelsk</strong></p>
<p>Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb%5Cin+G_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a,b&#92;in G_t' title='a,b&#92;in G_t' class='latex' />. Observer da: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28ab%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5E%7B%7Ca%7C%7Cb%7C%7D+%3D+%28ab%5E%7B-1%7D%29%28ab%5E%7B-1%7D%29+%5Ccdots+%28ab%5E%7B-1%7D%29+%3D+a%5E%7B%7Ca%7C%7Cb%7C%7D%28b%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5E%7B%7Ca%7C%7Cb%7C%7D+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(ab^{-1})^{|a||b|} = (ab^{-1})(ab^{-1}) &#92;cdots (ab^{-1}) = a^{|a||b|}(b^{-1})^{|a||b|} = e' title='(ab^{-1})^{|a||b|} = (ab^{-1})(ab^{-1}) &#92;cdots (ab^{-1}) = a^{|a||b|}(b^{-1})^{|a||b|} = e' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>4.i &#8211; Betragt <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_4' title='D_4' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a+%3D+%281+2+3+4%29%2C+b+%3D+%282+4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a = (1 2 3 4), b = (2 4)' title='a = (1 2 3 4), b = (2 4)' class='latex' />. Vis at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2C+a%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a, a^{-1}' title='a, a^{-1}' class='latex' /> eneste elementer med orden 4.</strong></p>
<p>Se alle elementerne: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%2C+a%2C+a%5E2%2C+a%5E3%2C+b%2C+ab%2C+a%5E2b%2C+a%5E3b&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='e, a, a^2, a^3, b, ab, a^2b, a^3b' title='e, a, a^2, a^3, b, ab, a^2b, a^3b' class='latex' />. Da vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ba+%3D+a%5E%7B-1%7Db&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='ba = a^{-1}b' title='ba = a^{-1}b' class='latex' /> er det klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a%5Ekb%29%5E2+%3D+a%5Ekba%5Ekb+%3D+a%5Eka%5E%7B-1%7Dba%5E%7Bk-1%7Db+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a^kb)^2 = a^kba^kb = a^ka^{-1}ba^{k-1}b = e' title='(a^kb)^2 = a^kba^kb = a^ka^{-1}ba^{k-1}b = e' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Ligeledes er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a%5E2%29%5E2+%3D+e+%3D+b%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a^2)^2 = e = b^2' title='(a^2)^2 = e = b^2' class='latex' />. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2C+a%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a, a^{-1}' title='a, a^{-1}' class='latex' /> har klart orden 4, da de er 4-cykler.</p>
<p><strong>4.ii &#8211; Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%3D+%281+2+3%29%5Cin+S_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma = (1 2 3)&#92;in S_4' title='&#92;sigma = (1 2 3)&#92;in S_4' class='latex' /> Beregn <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+a+%5Csigma%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma a &#92;sigma^{-1}' title='&#92;sigma a &#92;sigma^{-1}' class='latex' /> og slut, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_4' title='D_4' class='latex' /> ikke er normal i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_4' title='S_4' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+a+%5Csigma%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+%28%5Csigma%281%29+%5Csigma%282%29+%5Csigma%283%29+%5Csigma%284%29%29+%3D+%282+3+1+4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma a &#92;sigma^{-1} = (&#92;sigma(1) &#92;sigma(2) &#92;sigma(3) &#92;sigma(4)) = (2 3 1 4)' title='&#92;sigma a &#92;sigma^{-1} = (&#92;sigma(1) &#92;sigma(2) &#92;sigma(3) &#92;sigma(4)) = (2 3 1 4)' class='latex' />. Dette element har klart orden 4 og er forskelligt fra <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2C+a%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a, a^{-1}' title='a, a^{-1}' class='latex' />. Altså kan det ikke være i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_4' title='D_4' class='latex' />. Det følger nu af definitionen for normalitet, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_4' title='D_4' class='latex' /> ikke er normal i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_4' title='S_4' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>4.iii &#8211; Vis at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_4' title='S_4' class='latex' /> har netop 3 sylow-2-undergrupper.</strong></p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CS_4%7C+%3D+4%21+%3D+24+%3D+2%5E3+%5Ccdot+3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|S_4| = 4! = 24 = 2^3 &#92;cdot 3' title='|S_4| = 4! = 24 = 2^3 &#92;cdot 3' class='latex' /> &#8211; Sylow-2-undergrupper i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_4' title='S_4' class='latex' /> har således orden 8.</p>
<p>Divisorerne i 24 er 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24. Da antallet af sylow-2-undergrupper kan skrives som <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2k+%2B+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2k + 1' title='2k + 1' class='latex' /> og er en divisor i gruppens orden, må der være enten 1 eller 3. Men da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_4' title='D_4' class='latex' /> har orden 8 og ikke er normal i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_4' title='S_4' class='latex' /> er der mere end 1. Der må altså være netop 3.</p>
<p><strong>5 &#8211; Afbildningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi+%3A+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5E3%5Cto+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi : &#92;mathbb{Z}^3&#92;to &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' title='&#92;phi : &#92;mathbb{Z}^3&#92;to &#92;mathbb{Z}_2' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2C+y%2C+z%29%5Cmapsto+x%2By%2Bz+%5Cmod+2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(x, y, z)&#92;mapsto x+y+z &#92;mod 2' title='(x, y, z)&#92;mapsto x+y+z &#92;mod 2' class='latex' /> betragtes. Vis at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi' title='&#92;phi' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi af grupper og at kernen er fri abelsk af rang 3.</strong></p>
<p>Se på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi%28x_1%2C+y_1%2C+z_1%29%5Cphi%28x_2%2C+y_2%2C+z_2%29+%3D+%28x_1%2By_1%2Bz_1+%5Cmod+2%29+%2B+%28x_2+%2B+y_2+%2B+z_2+%5Cmod+2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi(x_1, y_1, z_1)&#92;phi(x_2, y_2, z_2) = (x_1+y_1+z_1 &#92;mod 2) + (x_2 + y_2 + z_2 &#92;mod 2)' title='&#92;phi(x_1, y_1, z_1)&#92;phi(x_2, y_2, z_2) = (x_1+y_1+z_1 &#92;mod 2) + (x_2 + y_2 + z_2 &#92;mod 2)' class='latex' />. Men det er jo netop definitionen, at dette er det samme som <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28x_1+%2B+x_2+%2B+y_1+%2B+y_2+%2B+z_1+%2B+z_2+%5Cmod+2%29+%3D+%5Cphi%28x_1+%2B+x_2%2C+y_1+%2B+y_2%2C+z_1+%2B+z_2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(x_1 + x_2 + y_1 + y_2 + z_1 + z_2 &#92;mod 2) = &#92;phi(x_1 + x_2, y_1 + y_2, z_1 + z_2)' title='(x_1 + x_2 + y_1 + y_2 + z_1 + z_2 &#92;mod 2) = &#92;phi(x_1 + x_2, y_1 + y_2, z_1 + z_2)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Observer nu, at kernen er en normal undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5E3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}^3' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}^3' class='latex' />. Det betyder, at den er fri abelsk af rang højest 3. Men samtidig kan vi se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%282%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%29%5E3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(2&#92;mathbb{Z})^3' title='(2&#92;mathbb{Z})^3' class='latex' /> er indeholdt i kernen. Da denne er en fri abelsk gruppe af rang 3, må kernen være ligeså.</p>
<h2>ex09</h2>
<p>Bemærk, at der var anderledes pensum til denne eksamen. Jeg springer alle opgaver der er uden for dette års pensum over.</p>
<p><strong>4. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi+%3A+G%5Cto+G%27&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi : G&#92;to G&#039;' title='&#92;phi : G&#92;to G&#039;' class='latex' /> gruppehomomorfi. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cin+G%2C+%7Cg%7C+%3C+%5Cinfty&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;in G, |g| &lt; &#92;infty' title='g&#92;in G, |g| &lt; &#92;infty' class='latex' />. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7C%5Cphi%28g%29%7C+%3D+k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|&#92;phi(g)| = k' title='|&#92;phi(g)| = k' class='latex' />. Vis, at ordenen af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g' title='g' class='latex' /> er et multiplum af k</strong></p>
<p>Vi ved, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi%28g%29%5E%7B%7Cg%7C%7D+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi(g)^{|g|} = e' title='&#92;phi(g)^{|g|} = e' class='latex' />, men vi ved, at da må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k+%7C+%7Cg%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k | |g|' title='k | |g|' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>7. Bestem antallet af kommutative grupper af orden 2009</strong></p>
<p>Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2009+%3D+7%5E2%5Ccdot+41&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2009 = 7^2&#92;cdot 41' title='2009 = 7^2&#92;cdot 41' class='latex' /> er der kun 2 grupper.</p>
<p><strong>9. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_5' title='S_5' class='latex' /> virker på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5E5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}^5' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}^5' class='latex' /> ved at permutere koordinaterne. Bestem banelængde og orden af isotropigruppen for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+%281%2C+1%2C+0%2C+0%2C+0%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x = (1, 1, 0, 0, 0)' title='x = (1, 1, 0, 0, 0)' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p>Vi ser nemt, at der er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=5%5Ccdot+4+%2F+2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='5&#92;cdot 4 / 2' title='5&#92;cdot 4 / 2' class='latex' /> muligheder for at placere koordinaterne. Banelængden er således 10, og ordenen af isotropigruppen er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CS_5%7C%2F10+%3D+12&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|S_5|/10 = 12' title='|S_5|/10 = 12' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>11. Bestem antallet af elementer af orden 11 i en simpel gruppe med orden 660</strong></p>
<p>Find først primfaktorisering og divisorer: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=660+%3D+2%5E2%5Ccdot+3%5Ccdot+5%5Ccdot+11&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='660 = 2^2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 5&#92;cdot 11' title='660 = 2^2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 5&#92;cdot 11' class='latex' /> og divisorerne er:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=1%2C+2%2C+3%2C+4%2C+5%2C+6%2C+10%2C+11%2C+12%2C+15%2C+20%2C+22%2C+30%2C+33%2C+44%2C+55%2C+60%2C+66%2C+110%2C+132%2C+165%2C+220%2C+330%2C+660&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 22, 30, 33, 44, 55, 60, 66, 110, 132, 165, 220, 330, 660' title='1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 22, 30, 33, 44, 55, 60, 66, 110, 132, 165, 220, 330, 660' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Som vi kan se er det kun 1 og 12 der kan skrives som <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k+%5Ccdot+11+%2B+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k &#92;cdot 11 + 1' title='k &#92;cdot 11 + 1' class='latex' />. Hvis gruppen er simpel må der således være 12 sylow-11-undergrupper. Hver af disse har 11 elementer, men da 11 er et primtal er disse grupper alle cykliske og alle ikke-trivielle elementer i dem har orden 11. Altså må der være <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=11%5Ccdot+10+%3D+110&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='11&#92;cdot 10 = 110' title='11&#92;cdot 10 = 110' class='latex' /> elementer af orden 11.</p>
<h2 style="text-align:left;">ex08</h2>
<p><strong>1. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5Cin+S_15&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma&#92;in S_15' title='&#92;sigma&#92;in S_15' class='latex' /> have cykeltype <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=4%5E15%5E16%5E1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='4^15^16^1' title='4^15^16^1' class='latex' />. Bestem dennes orden samt orden og cykeltype af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5E%7B2008%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^{2008}' title='&#92;sigma^{2008}' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p>Ordenen er lig det mindste fælles multiplum af cykellængderne: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=6%5Ccdot+10+%3D+5%5Ccdot+12+%3D+4%5Ccdot+15+%3D+60&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='6&#92;cdot 10 = 5&#92;cdot 12 = 4&#92;cdot 15 = 60' title='6&#92;cdot 10 = 5&#92;cdot 12 = 4&#92;cdot 15 = 60' class='latex' />. Hvis nu <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r' title='r' class='latex' /> er resten af 2008 ved division med 60, da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5E%7B2008%7D+%3D+%5Csigma%5Er+%3D+%5Csigma%5E%7B28%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^{2008} = &#92;sigma^r = &#92;sigma^{28}' title='&#92;sigma^{2008} = &#92;sigma^r = &#92;sigma^{28}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Cykeltypen af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5E%7B28%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^{28}' title='&#92;sigma^{28}' class='latex' /> finder vi ved at tage de individuelle cykler og opløfte i 28. vi ved, at en 4-cykel i anden er 2 2-cykler. Vi ved ligeledes, at en 6-cykel i anden er to 3-cykler. Således har <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5E%7B28%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^{28}' title='&#92;sigma^{28}' class='latex' /> cykeltypen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E23%5E25&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2^23^25' title='2^23^25' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Dens orden finder vi ved at finde det mindste tal <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k' title='k' class='latex' />, så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k%5Ccdot+28+%7C+60&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k&#92;cdot 28 | 60' title='k&#92;cdot 28 | 60' class='latex' />. Dette er 15.</p>
<p>Det kan være rart at vide, at hvis man har tre tal, f.eks. 4, 5, 6. Så kan man finde deres LCM ved at primfaktorisere dem: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E2%2C+5%2C+2%5Ccdot+3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2^2, 5, 2&#92;cdot 3' title='2^2, 5, 2&#92;cdot 3' class='latex' />. Deres lcm er nu den største af hver potens ganget sammen, dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E2%5Ccdot+5%5Ccdot+3+%3D+60&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2^2&#92;cdot 5&#92;cdot 3 = 60' title='2^2&#92;cdot 5&#92;cdot 3 = 60' class='latex' /> eller <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=28+%3D+2%5E2%5Ccdot+7%2C+60+%3D+2%5E2%5Ccdot+3%5Ccdot+5%5CRightarrow+%5Ctext%7BLCM%7D%2828%2C+60%29+%3D+2%5E2%5Ccdot+3%5Ccdot+5+%5Ccdot+7+%3D+420&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='28 = 2^2&#92;cdot 7, 60 = 2^2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 5&#92;Rightarrow &#92;text{LCM}(28, 60) = 2^2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 5 &#92;cdot 7 = 420' title='28 = 2^2&#92;cdot 7, 60 = 2^2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 5&#92;Rightarrow &#92;text{LCM}(28, 60) = 2^2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 5 &#92;cdot 7 = 420' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>2. Betragt i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_6&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_6' title='S_6' class='latex' /> permutationerne <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cgamma+%3D+%281+2+3%29%284+5%29%286%29%2C+%5Cgamma%27+%3D+%281%29%282+3%29%284+5+6%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;gamma = (1 2 3)(4 5)(6), &#92;gamma&#039; = (1)(2 3)(4 5 6)' title='&#92;gamma = (1 2 3)(4 5)(6), &#92;gamma&#039; = (1)(2 3)(4 5 6)' class='latex' />. Hvor mange <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5Cin+S_6&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma&#92;in S_6' title='&#92;sigma&#92;in S_6' class='latex' /> opfylder <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cgamma%27+%3D+%5Csigma%5Cgamma%5Csigma%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;gamma&#039; = &#92;sigma&#92;gamma&#92;sigma^{-1}' title='&#92;gamma&#039; = &#92;sigma&#92;gamma&#92;sigma^{-1}' class='latex' /> giv et eksempel</strong></p>
<p>Vi ved, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5Cgamma%5Csigma%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+%28%5Csigma%281%29+%5Csigma%282%29+%5Csigma%283%29%29%28%5Csigma%284%29+%5Csigma%285%29%29%28%5Csigma%286%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma&#92;gamma&#92;sigma^{-1} = (&#92;sigma(1) &#92;sigma(2) &#92;sigma(3))(&#92;sigma(4) &#92;sigma(5))(&#92;sigma(6))' title='&#92;sigma&#92;gamma&#92;sigma^{-1} = (&#92;sigma(1) &#92;sigma(2) &#92;sigma(3))(&#92;sigma(4) &#92;sigma(5))(&#92;sigma(6))' class='latex' />. Vi ved således, at:</p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%286%29+%3D+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma(6) = 1' title='&#92;sigma(6) = 1' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%284%29+%3D+2+%5CRightarrow+%5Csigma%285%29+%3D+3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma(4) = 2 &#92;Rightarrow &#92;sigma(5) = 3' title='&#92;sigma(4) = 2 &#92;Rightarrow &#92;sigma(5) = 3' class='latex' /> og omvendt. Alle andre værdier er ugyldige.</li>
<li>Ligesom ovenover <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%281%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma(1)' title='&#92;sigma(1)' class='latex' /> skal være enten 4, 5 eller 6. og da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%282%29%2C+%5Csigma%283%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma(2), &#92;sigma(3)' title='&#92;sigma(2), &#92;sigma(3)' class='latex' /> entydigt bestemt.</li>
</ol>
<p>Det giver os i alt 6 muligheder. Et eksempel er:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%26+5+%26+6+%5C%5C+5+%26+6+%26+4+%26+3+%26+2+%26+1+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D+%3D+%281+5+2+6%29%283+4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 6 &amp; 4 &amp; 3 &amp; 2 &amp; 1 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5 2 6)(3 4)' title='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &amp; 6 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 6 &amp; 4 &amp; 3 &amp; 2 &amp; 1 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5 2 6)(3 4)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%281+5+2+6%29%283+4%29%281+2+3%29%284+5%29%286%29%281+6+2+5%29%283+4%29+%3D+%281%29%282+3%29%284+5+6%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(1 5 2 6)(3 4)(1 2 3)(4 5)(6)(1 6 2 5)(3 4) = (1)(2 3)(4 5 6)' title='(1 5 2 6)(3 4)(1 2 3)(4 5)(6)(1 6 2 5)(3 4) = (1)(2 3)(4 5 6)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>3. Betragt undergrupper <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H+%3C+S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H &lt; S_n' title='H &lt; S_n' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K+%3C+S_m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K &lt; S_m' title='K &lt; S_m' class='latex' />. Argumenter for at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%5Ctimes+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H&#92;times K' title='H&#92;times K' class='latex' /> naturligt kan opfattes som en undergruppe i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_%7Bn%2Bm%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_{n+m}' title='S_{n+m}' class='latex' />. Vis, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_%7B255%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_{255}' title='S_{255}' class='latex' /> har en undergruppe af orden 2008.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Se på afbildningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+H%5Ctimes+K+%5Cto+S_%7Bn%2Bm%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : H&#92;times K &#92;to S_{n+m}' title='f : H&#92;times K &#92;to S_{n+m}' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a%2C+b%29+%3A%3D+ab&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a, b) := ab' title='f(a, b) := ab' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b+%3D+%28b_1+b_2+%5Cldots+b_k%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b = (b_1 b_2 &#92;ldots b_k)' title='b = (b_1 b_2 &#92;ldots b_k)' class='latex' /> får alle indicer flyttet med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />. dvs (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b+%3D+%28b_1+%2B+n+%5Cldots+b_k+%2B+n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b = (b_1 + n &#92;ldots b_k + n)' title='b = (b_1 + n &#92;ldots b_k + n)' class='latex' />). Dette er klart en homomorfi, da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2C+b&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a, b' title='a, b' class='latex' /> er disjunkte. Det er også klart en injektiv homomorfi, da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a%2Cb%29+%3D+e+%5CRightarrow+a+%3D+b+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a,b) = e &#92;Rightarrow a = b = e' title='f(a,b) = e &#92;Rightarrow a = b = e' class='latex' />. Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%5Ctimes+K%2F%5Cker+f+%5Ccong+%5Ctext%7BIm%7D+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H&#92;times K/&#92;ker f &#92;cong &#92;text{Im} f' title='H&#92;times K/&#92;ker f &#92;cong &#92;text{Im} f' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Kig på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_4+%5Ctimes+%5Clangle+%281+2+%5Ccdots+251%29+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_4 &#92;times &#92;langle (1 2 &#92;cdots 251) &#92;rangle' title='D_4 &#92;times &#92;langle (1 2 &#92;cdots 251) &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> og brug ovenstående bevis.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>4. Betragt den <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi+%3A+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B20%7D+%5Cto+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B20%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi : &#92;mathbb{Z}_{20} &#92;to &#92;mathbb{Z}_{20}' title='&#92;phi : &#92;mathbb{Z}_{20} &#92;to &#92;mathbb{Z}_{20}' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi%28x%29+%3A%3D+6x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi(x) := 6x' title='&#92;phi(x) := 6x' class='latex' />. Hvis at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi' title='&#92;phi' class='latex' /> er en gruppehomomorfi og bestem kernen.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Se <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cphi%28a%29%5Cphi%28b%29+%3D+6a+%2B+6b+%3D+6%28a%2Bb%29+%3D+%5Cphi%28ab%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;phi(a)&#92;phi(b) = 6a + 6b = 6(a+b) = &#92;phi(ab)' title='&#92;phi(a)&#92;phi(b) = 6a + 6b = 6(a+b) = &#92;phi(ab)' class='latex' />. Dette følger af egenskaberne for restklasseregning og multiplikation.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Kernen indeholder de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=20+%7C+6n%2C+0%5Cle+n+%3C+20&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='20 | 6n, 0&#92;le n &lt; 20' title='20 | 6n, 0&#92;le n &lt; 20' class='latex' />. Det er kun <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7B%5Coverline%7B0%7D%2C+%5Coverline%7B10%7D%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{&#92;overline{0}, &#92;overline{10}&#92;}' title='&#92;{&#92;overline{0}, &#92;overline{10}&#92;}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>5. Samtlige abelske grupper af orden 2008. Hvor mange elementer af orden 2 er der i hver.</strong></p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align:left;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_8+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B251%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_8 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{251}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_8 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{251}' class='latex' /> &#8211; Der er 1 element af orden 2.</li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_4+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B251%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_4 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{251}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_4 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{251}' class='latex' /> &#8211; Der er 3 af orden 2</li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B251%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_2&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{251}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_2&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{251}' class='latex' /> &#8211; Der er 7 elementer af orden 2.</li>
</ol>
<p>Antallet af elementer af orden 2 kan beregnes ved at vælge et element af orden 1 eller 2 i hvert af ledene og trække det tilfælde fra hvor alle er det neutrale element.</p>
<p><strong>7. Vis at følgende grupper ikke er isomorfe med hinanden: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C_6%5Ctimes+C_8%5Ctimes+C_%7B10%7D%2C+C_%7B12%7D%5Ctimes+C_%7B40%7D%2C+D_%7B12%7D%5Ctimes+C_%7B20%7D%2C+A_4%5Ctimes+C_%7B40%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C_6&#92;times C_8&#92;times C_{10}, C_{12}&#92;times C_{40}, D_{12}&#92;times C_{20}, A_4&#92;times C_{40}' title='C_6&#92;times C_8&#92;times C_{10}, C_{12}&#92;times C_{40}, D_{12}&#92;times C_{20}, A_4&#92;times C_{40}' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p>Det er klart, at de to første grupper er abelske og de to sidste ikke er. Det er altså nok at vise, at de to første grupper ikke er isomorfe med hinanden og at de to sidste ikke er isomorfe med hinanden:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C_6%5Ctimes+C_8%5Ctimes+C_%7B10%7D+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_3+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B2%5E3%7D+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C_6&#92;times C_8&#92;times C_{10} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_2&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_3 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^3} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_5' title='C_6&#92;times C_8&#92;times C_{10} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_2&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_3 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^3} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_2&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_5' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C_%7B12%7D%5Ctimes+C_%7B40%7D+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B2%5E2%7D%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_3+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B2%5E3%7D%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C_{12}&#92;times C_{40} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^2}&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_3 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^3}&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_5' title='C_{12}&#92;times C_{40} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^2}&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_3 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{2^3}&#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_5' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Disse er tydeligvis ikke ens. For de to sidste grupper kan vi se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_4%5Ctimes+C_%7B40%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_4&#92;times C_{40}' title='A_4&#92;times C_{40}' class='latex' /> har et element af orden 40, mens <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_%7B12%7D%5Ctimes+C_%7B20%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_{12}&#92;times C_{20}' title='D_{12}&#92;times C_{20}' class='latex' /> ikke har.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>9. Angiv ordenen af sylow-251-undergruppen i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C_%7B2008%7D%5Ctimes+D_%7B2008%7D+%5Ctimes+A_%7B2008%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C_{2008}&#92;times D_{2008} &#92;times A_{2008}' title='C_{2008}&#92;times D_{2008} &#92;times A_{2008}' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Ordenen af gruppen er klart <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2008%5Ccdot+2008%5Ccdot+2+%5Ccdot+2008%21%2F2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2008&#92;cdot 2008&#92;cdot 2 &#92;cdot 2008!/2' title='2008&#92;cdot 2008&#92;cdot 2 &#92;cdot 2008!/2' class='latex' />, men hvor mange led i dennes primfaktorisering er 251?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2008%5Ccdot+2008%5Ccdot+2008+%3D+2%5E7%5Ccdot+251%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2008&#92;cdot 2008&#92;cdot 2008 = 2^7&#92;cdot 251^2' title='2008&#92;cdot 2008&#92;cdot 2008 = 2^7&#92;cdot 251^2' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Hvor mange led i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2008%21%2F2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2008!/2' title='2008!/2' class='latex' /> er 251? Det må være <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k' title='k' class='latex' />, hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k' title='k' class='latex' /> er det mindste hele tal, så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k%5Ccdot+251+%3C+2008&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k&#92;cdot 251 &lt; 2008' title='k&#92;cdot 251 &lt; 2008' class='latex' />. Dette er heldigvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2008%2F251+%3D+8&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2008/251 = 8' title='2008/251 = 8' class='latex' />. Således har sylow-251-undergruppen en orden af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=251%5E%7B10%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='251^{10}' title='251^{10}' class='latex' /></p>
<h2 style="text-align:left;">ex07</h2>
<p><strong>1. Abelske grupper af orden 2007. Hvor mange elementer af orden 3?</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B3%5E2%7D+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B223%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{3^2} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{223}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{3^2} &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{223}' class='latex' /> &#8211; 2 elementer af orden 3</li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_3+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_3+%5Ctimes+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B223%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_3 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_3 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{223}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_3 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_3 &#92;times &#92;mathbb{Z}_{223}' class='latex' /> &#8211; 8 elementer af orden 3</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>3. Vis at følgende grupper ikke er isomorfe: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C_4%5Ctimes+C_6%5Ctimes+C_%7B10%7D%2C+C_%7B240%7D%2C+D_%7B120%7D%2C+C_%7B10%7D%5Ctimes+S_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C_4&#92;times C_6&#92;times C_{10}, C_{240}, D_{120}, C_{10}&#92;times S_4' title='C_4&#92;times C_6&#92;times C_{10}, C_{240}, D_{120}, C_{10}&#92;times S_4' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p>Igen klart, at de to sidste grupper ikke er abelske, mens de to første er. Observer, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C_%7B240%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C_{240}' title='C_{240}' class='latex' /> har et element af orden 240, mens den første gruppe ikke har. Observer ligeledes, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_%7B120%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_{120}' title='D_{120}' class='latex' /> har et element af orden 120, mens den sidste gruppe ikke har.</p>
<p><strong>4. Bestem center af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_6&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_6' title='D_6' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p>Det nemmeste er at se på elementerne i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_6&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_6' title='D_6' class='latex' />:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%2C+a%2C+a%5E2%2C+a%5E3%2C+a%5E4%2C+a%5E5%2C+b%2C+ab%2C+a%5E2b%2C+a%5E3b%2C+a%5E4b%2C+a%5E5b&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='e, a, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, b, ab, a^2b, a^3b, a^4b, a^5b' title='e, a, a^2, a^3, a^4, a^5, b, ab, a^2b, a^3b, a^4b, a^5b' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Det er klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='e' title='e' class='latex' /> er i centeret. Lad os kigge på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Ek&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a^k' title='a^k' class='latex' />:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Prøv først at se om <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Ek&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a^k' title='a^k' class='latex' /> kommuterer med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b' title='b' class='latex' />: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ba%5Ekb%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+ba%5Ekb+%3D+bb%28a%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5Ek+%3D+%28a%5Ek%29%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='ba^kb^{-1} = ba^kb = bb(a^{-1})^k = (a^k)^{-1}' title='ba^kb^{-1} = ba^kb = bb(a^{-1})^k = (a^k)^{-1}' class='latex' />. Det er således klart, at kun <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5E3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a^3' title='a^3' class='latex' /> kommuterer med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b' title='b' class='latex' />. Kommuterer den også med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Ekb&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a^kb' title='a^kb' class='latex' />?</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a%5Ekb%29a%5E3%28a%5Ekb%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+a%5Ekba%5E3b%28a%5Ek%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+a%5Eka%5E3b%5E2%28a%5Ek%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+a%5Eka%5E3%28a%5Ek%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+a%5E3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a^kb)a^3(a^kb)^{-1} = a^kba^3b(a^k)^{-1} = a^ka^3b^2(a^k)^{-1} = a^ka^3(a^k)^{-1} = a^3' title='(a^kb)a^3(a^kb)^{-1} = a^kba^3b(a^k)^{-1} = a^ka^3b^2(a^k)^{-1} = a^ka^3(a^k)^{-1} = a^3' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi har altså, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5E3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a^3' title='a^3' class='latex' /> er i centeret. Vi ser nu, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aa%5Ekba%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+a%5E%7Bk%2B2%7Db+%5Cne+a%5Ekb&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aa^kba^{-1} = a^{k+2}b &#92;ne a^kb' title='aa^kba^{-1} = a^{k+2}b &#92;ne a^kb' class='latex' />. Og dermed er centeret lig <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Be%2C+a%5E3%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{e, a^3&#92;}' title='&#92;{e, a^3&#92;}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Alternativt siger en sætning/øvelse i bogen, at centeret for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_n' title='D_n' class='latex' /> er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Be%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{e&#92;}' title='&#92;{e&#92;}' class='latex' /> hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> er ulige og isomorf med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_2' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_2' class='latex' /> hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> er lige.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>5. Bestem <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5Cin+S_5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma&#92;in S_5' title='&#92;sigma&#92;in S_5' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%281+2+3+4%29+%3D+%5Csigma%282+3+4+5%29%5Csigma%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(1 2 3 4) = &#92;sigma(2 3 4 5)&#92;sigma^{-1}' title='(1 2 3 4) = &#92;sigma(2 3 4 5)&#92;sigma^{-1}' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong></strong>Vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28%5Csigma%282%29%5Csigma%283%29%5Csigma%284%29%5Csigma%285%29%29+%3D+%281234%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(&#92;sigma(2)&#92;sigma(3)&#92;sigma(4)&#92;sigma(5)) = (1234)' title='(&#92;sigma(2)&#92;sigma(3)&#92;sigma(4)&#92;sigma(5)) = (1234)' class='latex' />. Det giver følgende 4 muligheder:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%26+5+%5C%5C+5+%26+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D+%3D+%281+5+4+3+2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5 4 3 2)' title='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5 4 3 2)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%26+5+%5C%5C+5+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%26+1+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D+%3D+%281+5%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 1 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5)' title='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 1 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%26+5+%5C%5C+5+%26+3+%26+4+%26+1+%26+2+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D+%3D+%281+5+2+3+4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5 2 3 4)' title='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5 2 3 4)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%26+5+%5C%5C+5+%26+4+%26+1+%26+2+%26+3+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D+%3D+%281+5+3%29%282+4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 4 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5 3)(2 4)' title='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &amp; 5 &#92;&#92; 5 &amp; 4 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 5 3)(2 4)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>6. Angiv ordener af de ikke-trivielle sylow undergrupper i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C_2%5Ctimes+D_3%5Ctimes+A_4%5Ctimes+S_5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C_2&#92;times D_3&#92;times A_4&#92;times S_5' title='C_2&#92;times D_3&#92;times A_4&#92;times S_5' class='latex' /></strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong></strong>Ordenen af gruppen er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5Ccdot+6+%5Ccdot+4%21%2F2+%5Ccdot+5%21+%3D+2%5Ccdot+6%5Ccdot+12%5Ccdot+120&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2&#92;cdot 6 &#92;cdot 4!/2 &#92;cdot 5! = 2&#92;cdot 6&#92;cdot 12&#92;cdot 120' title='2&#92;cdot 6 &#92;cdot 4!/2 &#92;cdot 5! = 2&#92;cdot 6&#92;cdot 12&#92;cdot 120' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi primfaktoriserer dette og får <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5Ccdot+2%5Ccdot+3%5Ccdot+2%5E2%5Ccdot+3%5Ccdot+2%5E3%5Ccdot+3%5Ccdot+5+%3D+2%5E7%5Ccdot+3%5E3%5Ccdot+5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2&#92;cdot 2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 2^2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 2^3&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 5 = 2^7&#92;cdot 3^3&#92;cdot 5' title='2&#92;cdot 2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 2^2&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 2^3&#92;cdot 3&#92;cdot 5 = 2^7&#92;cdot 3^3&#92;cdot 5' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Ordnerne er således <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2%5E7%2C+3%5E3%2C+5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2^7, 3^3, 5' title='2^7, 3^3, 5' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>7. Vis at en gruppe af orden 2007 ikke kan være simpel</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong></strong>Vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2007+%3D+3%5E2%5Ccdot+223&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2007 = 3^2&#92;cdot 223' title='2007 = 3^2&#92;cdot 223' class='latex' />. Samtidig har vi følgende divisorer i 2007: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=1%2C+3%2C+9%2C+223%2C+669%2C+2007&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='1, 3, 9, 223, 669, 2007' title='1, 3, 9, 223, 669, 2007' class='latex' />. Vi kan nu se, at antallet af sylow-223-undergrupper må være 1 og den er dermed normal.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>9. Betragt <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_a+%3A+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_6%5Cto+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_6&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_a : &#92;mathbb{Z}_6&#92;to &#92;mathbb{Z}_6' title='f_a : &#92;mathbb{Z}_6&#92;to &#92;mathbb{Z}_6' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_a%28x%29+%3D+ax&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_a(x) = ax' title='f_a(x) = ax' class='latex' />. Vis at det er en gruppehomomorfi. For hvilke <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_6&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}_6' title='a&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}_6' class='latex' /> er det en gruppe isomorfi?</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong></strong>Betragt <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_a%28x%29f_a%28y%29+%3D+ax%2Bay+%3D+a%28x%2By%29+%3D+f_a%28x%2By%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_a(x)f_a(y) = ax+ay = a(x+y) = f_a(x+y)' title='f_a(x)f_a(y) = ax+ay = a(x+y) = f_a(x+y)' class='latex' />. Ligesom i en af de tidligere opgaver følger dette af egenskaberne for restklasseregning.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi ser nu, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+f_2+%3D+%5C%7Be%2C+%5Coverline%7B3%7D%5C%7D%2C+%5Cker+f_3+%3D+%5C%7Be%2C+%5Coverline%7B2%7D%2C+%5Coverline%7B4%7D%5C%7D%2C+%5Cker+f_4+%3D+%5C%7Be%2C+%5Coverline%7B3%7D%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker f_2 = &#92;{e, &#92;overline{3}&#92;}, &#92;ker f_3 = &#92;{e, &#92;overline{2}, &#92;overline{4}&#92;}, &#92;ker f_4 = &#92;{e, &#92;overline{3}&#92;}' title='&#92;ker f_2 = &#92;{e, &#92;overline{3}&#92;}, &#92;ker f_3 = &#92;{e, &#92;overline{2}, &#92;overline{4}&#92;}, &#92;ker f_4 = &#92;{e, &#92;overline{3}&#92;}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi ser, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_1' title='f_1' class='latex' /> er identiteten, så det er klart en automorfi. Ligeledes har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_5%28x%29+%3D+-x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_5(x) = -x' title='f_5(x) = -x' class='latex' />. Vi ser let, at dette også er en isomorfi.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>10. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> gruppe og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;in G' title='g&#92;in G' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%7C+%3C+%5Cinfty&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g| &lt; &#92;infty' title='|g| &lt; &#92;infty' class='latex' />. Vis at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%7C+%3D+%7Cg%5E2%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g| = |g^2|' title='|g| = |g^2|' class='latex' /> hvis og kun hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g|' title='|g|' class='latex' /> er ulige.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vis først <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CRightarrow&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;Rightarrow' title='&#92;Rightarrow' class='latex' />: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%7C+%3D+%7Cg%5E2%7C+%5CRightarrow+2+%5Cnot+%7C+%7Cg%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g| = |g^2| &#92;Rightarrow 2 &#92;not | |g|' title='|g| = |g^2| &#92;Rightarrow 2 &#92;not | |g|' class='latex' />. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g|' title='|g|' class='latex' /> var lige ville <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%5E2%7C+%3D+%7Cg%7C%2F2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g^2| = |g|/2' title='|g^2| = |g|/2' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5CLeftarrow&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;Leftarrow' title='&#92;Leftarrow' class='latex' />: Vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28g%5E2%29%5Ej+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(g^2)^j = e' title='(g^2)^j = e' class='latex' /> hvis og kun hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%7C+%7C+2j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g| | 2j' title='|g| | 2j' class='latex' />. Vi har nu, at ordenen, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='j' title='j' class='latex' />, er det mindste fælles multiplum af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g|' title='|g|' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2' title='2' class='latex' /> delt med 2. Men dette er jo netop <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Cg%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|g|' title='|g|' class='latex' /> da denne er ulige.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>11. Find indeks af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=12%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='12&#92;mathbb{Z}' title='12&#92;mathbb{Z}' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=4%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='4&#92;mathbb{Z}' title='4&#92;mathbb{Z}' class='latex' />. Giv eksempler på et element fra hver sideklasse.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi ved, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7C%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%2F12%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%7C+%3D+12&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|&#92;mathbb{Z}/12&#92;mathbb{Z}| = 12' title='|&#92;mathbb{Z}/12&#92;mathbb{Z}| = 12' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7C%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%2F4%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%7C+%3D+4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|&#92;mathbb{Z}/4&#92;mathbb{Z}| = 4' title='|&#92;mathbb{Z}/4&#92;mathbb{Z}| = 4' class='latex' />. Vi ved også, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5B%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%3A+12%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5D+%3D+%5B%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%3A+4%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5D%5B4%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%3A+12%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[&#92;mathbb{Z} : 12&#92;mathbb{Z}] = [&#92;mathbb{Z} : 4&#92;mathbb{Z}][4&#92;mathbb{Z} : 12&#92;mathbb{Z}]' title='[&#92;mathbb{Z} : 12&#92;mathbb{Z}] = [&#92;mathbb{Z} : 4&#92;mathbb{Z}][4&#92;mathbb{Z} : 12&#92;mathbb{Z}]' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Det giver os, at:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5B4%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%3A+12%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5D+%3D+%5B%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%3A+12%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5D%2F%5B%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%3A+4%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5D+%3D+12%2F4+%3D+3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[4&#92;mathbb{Z} : 12&#92;mathbb{Z}] = [&#92;mathbb{Z} : 12&#92;mathbb{Z}]/[&#92;mathbb{Z} : 4&#92;mathbb{Z}] = 12/4 = 3' title='[4&#92;mathbb{Z} : 12&#92;mathbb{Z}] = [&#92;mathbb{Z} : 12&#92;mathbb{Z}]/[&#92;mathbb{Z} : 4&#92;mathbb{Z}] = 12/4 = 3' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Eksempler på de 3 sideklasser er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7B0%7D%2C+%5Coverline%7B4%7D%2C+%5Coverline%7B8%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{0}, &#92;overline{4}, &#92;overline{8}' title='&#92;overline{0}, &#92;overline{4}, &#92;overline{8}' class='latex' /></p>
<h1 style="text-align:center;">That&#8217;s all folks!</h1>
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		<title>Algebra1 &#8211; Sylows sætninger</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/03/29/algebra1-sylows-saetninger/</link>
		<comments>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/03/29/algebra1-sylows-saetninger/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Mar 2011 15:42:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[p-gruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[sylow sætninger]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Lad os kigge mere på strukturen af ikke-abelske grupper. Lemma: Lad en gruppe af orden (p primtal) virke på en endelig mængde . Hvis . Da er størrelsen af de to mængder kongruente mod p. Bevis: Vi kan skrive , hvor alle &#8216;erne er  de baner med banelængde skarpt større end 1. Da hver af [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=739&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Lad os kigge mere på strukturen af ikke-abelske grupper.</p>
<p><strong>Lemma:</strong> Lad en gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Ek&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^k' title='p^k' class='latex' /> (p primtal) virke på en endelig mængde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_0+%3D+%5C%7Bx%5Cin+S+%7C+hx+%3D+x%2C+%5Cforall+h%5Cin+H%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_0 = &#92;{x&#92;in S | hx = x, &#92;forall h&#92;in H&#92;}' title='S_0 = &#92;{x&#92;in S | hx = x, &#92;forall h&#92;in H&#92;}' class='latex' />. Da er størrelsen af de to mængder kongruente mod p.</p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Vi kan skrive <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CS%7C+%3D+%7CS_0%7C+%2B+%7C%5Coverline%7Bx_1%7D%7C+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+%7C%5Coverline%7Bx_k%7D%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|S| = |S_0| + |&#92;overline{x_1}| + &#92;ldots + |&#92;overline{x_k}|' title='|S| = |S_0| + |&#92;overline{x_1}| + &#92;ldots + |&#92;overline{x_k}|' class='latex' />, hvor alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bx_i%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{x_i}' title='&#92;overline{x_i}' class='latex' />&#8216;erne er  de baner med banelængde skarpt større end 1. Da hver af disse banelængder er indeks af stabilisatoren i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> går op i dem alle. Derfor må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CS%7C+%5Cequiv+%7CS_0%7C+%28%5Cmod+p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|S| &#92;equiv |S_0| (&#92;mod p)' title='|S| &#92;equiv |S_0| (&#92;mod p)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>(Dette lemma vil vi bruge en del.)</p>
<p><strong>Sætning (Cauchy):</strong> Hvis en gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> har en orden deleligt med et primtal <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' />, da har <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> et element af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> (og dermed en undergruppe)</p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Vi vil bruge forrige lemma. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> være mængden af p-tupler <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+a_p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1, &#92;ldots, a_p)' title='(a_1, &#92;ldots, a_p)' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1%5Ccdots+a_p+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1&#92;cdots a_p = e' title='a_1&#92;cdots a_p = e' class='latex' />. Det er nu klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_p' title='a_p' class='latex' /> er entydigt bestemt som <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1%5Ccdots+a_%7Bp-1%7D%29%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1&#92;cdots a_{p-1})^{-1}' title='(a_1&#92;cdots a_{p-1})^{-1}' class='latex' />. Vi har således <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CS%7C+%3D+%7CG%7C%5E%7Bp-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|S| = |G|^{p-1}' title='|S| = |G|^{p-1}' class='latex' />, og dermed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CS%7C+%5Cequiv+0+%28%5Cmod+p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|S| &#92;equiv 0 (&#92;mod p)' title='|S| &#92;equiv 0 (&#92;mod p)' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Lad nu <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_p' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_p' class='latex' /> virke på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> med cirkulær permutation:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28%28a_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+a_p%29%2C+k%29%5Cmapsto+%28a_%7B1%2Bk%7D%2C+%5Cldots%2C+a_p%2C+a_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+a_k%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='((a_1, &#92;ldots, a_p), k)&#92;mapsto (a_{1+k}, &#92;ldots, a_p, a_1, &#92;ldots, a_k)' title='((a_1, &#92;ldots, a_p), k)&#92;mapsto (a_{1+k}, &#92;ldots, a_p, a_1, &#92;ldots, a_k)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Observer, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_0' title='S_0' class='latex' /> indeholder alle de tupler med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1+%3D+a_2+%3D+%5Cldots+%3D+a_p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1 = a_2 = &#92;ldots = a_p' title='a_1 = a_2 = &#92;ldots = a_p' class='latex' /> der har <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1%5Ep+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1^p = e' title='a_1^p = e' class='latex' />. Det er klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CS_0+%5Cge+1%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|S_0 &#92;ge 1|' title='|S_0 &#92;ge 1|' class='latex' />, men brug nu forrige lemma til at se, at der må være mindst et element med orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Notation:</strong> En gruppe hvor hvert element har orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Ek&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^k' title='p^k' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k+%5Cge+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k &#92;ge 0' title='k &#92;ge 0' class='latex' /> kaldes en p-gruppe eller p-undergruppe, hvis der er tale om en undergruppe (bemærk, at gruppen indeholdende p-undergruppen ikke behøver at være en p-gruppe.)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar:</strong> Centret <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C%28G%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C(G)' title='C(G)' class='latex' /> af en p-gruppe indeholder mindst ét ikke-trivielt element.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Se på klasseligningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CG%7C+%3D+%7CC%28G%29%7C+%2B+%5Csum+%5BG+%3A+C_G%28x_i%29%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|G| = |C(G)| + &#92;sum [G : C_G(x_i)]' title='|G| = |C(G)| + &#92;sum [G : C_G(x_i)]' class='latex' />. Vi har at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BG+%3A+C_G%28x_i%29%5D+%3E+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[G : C_G(x_i)] &gt; 1' title='[G : C_G(x_i)] &gt; 1' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p+%7C+%5BG+%3A+C_G%28x_i%29%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p | [G : C_G(x_i)]' title='p | [G : C_G(x_i)]' class='latex' />, men så må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p+%7C+%7CC%28G%29%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p | |C(G)|' title='p | |C(G)|' class='latex' />. Da i hvert fald <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e%5Cin+C%28G%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='e&#92;in C(G)' title='e&#92;in C(G)' class='latex' /> følger nu, at mindst <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CC%28G%29%7C+%5Cge+p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|C(G)| &#92;ge p' title='|C(G)| &#92;ge p' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> er en p-undergruppe af en gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />, da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BN_G%28H%29+%3A+H%5D+%5Cequiv+%5BG+%3A+H%5D+%28%5Cmod+p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[N_G(H) : H] &#92;equiv [G : H] (&#92;mod p)' title='[N_G(H) : H] &#92;equiv [G : H] (&#92;mod p)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Brug det første lemma med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> værende alle sideklasserne af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />. Observer dernæst, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=xH%5Cin+S_0+%5CLeftrightarrow+x%5Cin+N_G%28H%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='xH&#92;in S_0 &#92;Leftrightarrow x&#92;in N_G(H)' title='xH&#92;in S_0 &#92;Leftrightarrow x&#92;in N_G(H)' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> er en p-undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p+%7C+%5BG+%3A+H%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p | [G : H]' title='p | [G : H]' class='latex' />, da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_G%28H%29+%5Cne+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_G(H) &#92;ne H' title='N_G(H) &#92;ne H' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Observer, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BN_G%28H%29+%3A+H%5D+%5Cequiv+0+%28%5Cmod+p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[N_G(H) : H] &#92;equiv 0 (&#92;mod p)' title='[N_G(H) : H] &#92;equiv 0 (&#92;mod p)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BN_G%28H%29+%3A+H%5D+%5Cge+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[N_G(H) : H] &#92;ge 1' title='[N_G(H) : H] &#92;ge 1' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<h2>Sylows sætninger:</h2>
<p><strong>1. Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> gruppe af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Enm&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^nm' title='p^nm' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cge+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;ge 1' title='n&#92;ge 1' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cgcd%28p%2Cm%29+%3D+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;gcd(p,m) = 1' title='&#92;gcd(p,m) = 1' class='latex' />. Da gælder følgende:</p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> har en undergruppe af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Ei&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^i' title='p^i' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=1%5Cle+i%5Cle+n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='1&#92;le i&#92;le n' title='1&#92;le i&#92;le n' class='latex' /></li>
<li>Hver undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> med orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Ei&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^i' title='p^i' class='latex' /> (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i+%3C+n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i &lt; n' title='i &lt; n' class='latex' /> er normal i en undergruppe af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^{i+1}' title='p^{i+1}' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Vi bruger induktion. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i+%3D+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i = 1' title='i = 1' class='latex' /> følger det af cauchy, at der er en undergruppe af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Antag nu, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> er en undergruppe af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Ei&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^i' title='p^i' class='latex' /> (og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i+%3C+n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i &lt; n' title='i &lt; n' class='latex' /> Vi ved fra de forrige korollarer/sætninger, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_G%28H%29+%5Cne+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_G(H) &#92;ne H' title='N_G(H) &#92;ne H' class='latex' /> og at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%5Cvartriangleleft+N_G%28H%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H&#92;vartriangleleft N_G(H)' title='H&#92;vartriangleleft N_G(H)' class='latex' />. Vi ved også, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BN_G%28H%29+%3A+H%5D+%5Cequiv+%5BG+%3A+H%5D+%5Cequiv+0+%28%5Cmod+p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[N_G(H) : H] &#92;equiv [G : H] &#92;equiv 0 (&#92;mod p)' title='[N_G(H) : H] &#92;equiv [G : H] &#92;equiv 0 (&#92;mod p)' class='latex' /> (da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BG+%3A+H%5D+%3D+%7CG%7C%2F%7CH%7C+%3D+p%5Enm%2Fp%5Ei&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[G : H] = |G|/|H| = p^nm/p^i' title='[G : H] = |G|/|H| = p^nm/p^i' class='latex' /> (og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i+%3C+n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i &lt; n' title='i &lt; n' class='latex' />).</p>
<p>Vi ved, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_G%28H%29%2FH&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_G(H)/H' title='N_G(H)/H' class='latex' /> indeholder en gruppe af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> og, at denne gruppe er på formen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H_1%2FH&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H_1/H' title='H_1/H' class='latex' /> for et <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H_1+%3C+N_G%28H%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H_1 &lt; N_G(H)' title='H_1 &lt; N_G(H)' class='latex' />. Vi kan nu slutte, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H+%5Cvartriangleleft+H_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H &#92;vartriangleleft H_1' title='H &#92;vartriangleleft H_1' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CH_1%7C+%3D+%7CH%7C%7CH_1%2FH%7C+%3D+p%5E%7Bi%2B1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|H_1| = |H||H_1/H| = p^{i+1}' title='|H_1| = |H||H_1/H| = p^{i+1}' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Ekstra:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>En gruppe af maksimal potensorden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5En&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^n' title='p^n' class='latex' /> kaldes en sylow p-undergruppe</li>
<li>Enhver konjungeret sylow p-undergruppe er en sylow p-undergruppe</li>
<li>Hvis der kun findes 1 sylow p-undergruppe er denne normal i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>2. Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> er en p-undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=P&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='P' title='P' class='latex' /> er en sylow p-undergruppe, da findes <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in G' title='x&#92;in G' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H+%3C+xPx%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H &lt; xPx^{-1}' title='H &lt; xPx^{-1}' class='latex' />. Særligt er alle sylow p-undergruppe konjugeret af hinanden.</p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Brug igen det første lemma. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> alle sideklasser af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=P&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='P' title='P' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> virke på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> med venstretranslation. Bemærk, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> ikke går op i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BG+%3A+P%5D+%3D+%7CS%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[G : P] = |S|' title='[G : P] = |S|' class='latex' />. Dvs. der findes <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=xP%5Cin+S_0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='xP&#92;in S_0' title='xP&#92;in S_0' class='latex' />:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=xP%5Cin+S_0+%5CLeftrightarrow+hxP+%3D+xP+%5CLeftrightarrow+x%5E%7B-1%7DhxP+%3D+P+%5CLeftrightarrow+H+%3C+xPx%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='xP&#92;in S_0 &#92;Leftrightarrow hxP = xP &#92;Leftrightarrow x^{-1}hxP = P &#92;Leftrightarrow H &lt; xPx^{-1}' title='xP&#92;in S_0 &#92;Leftrightarrow hxP = xP &#92;Leftrightarrow x^{-1}hxP = P &#92;Leftrightarrow H &lt; xPx^{-1}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>3. Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er en endelig gruppe og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> primtal. Da er antallet af sylow p-undergrupper en divisor i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CG%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|G|' title='|G|' class='latex' /> og kan skrives på formen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=kp+%2B+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='kp + 1' title='kp + 1' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> være antallet af sylow p-undergrupper i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />. Vi har at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CS%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|S|' title='|S|' class='latex' /> er antallet af konjugerede af en hvilken som helst sylow p-undergruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=P&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='P' title='P' class='latex' />, hvilket er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BG+%3A+N_G%28P%29%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[G : N_G(P)]' title='[G : N_G(P)]' class='latex' />. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=P&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='P' title='P' class='latex' /> virke med konjugering på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />. Hvis vi kan vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_0+%3D+%5C%7BP%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_0 = &#92;{P&#92;}' title='S_0 = &#92;{P&#92;}' class='latex' /> er vi færdige:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Q%5Cin+S_0+%5CLeftrightarrow+xQx%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+Q+%5Cforall+x%5Cin+P&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='Q&#92;in S_0 &#92;Leftrightarrow xQx^{-1} = Q &#92;forall x&#92;in P' title='Q&#92;in S_0 &#92;Leftrightarrow xQx^{-1} = Q &#92;forall x&#92;in P' class='latex' />. Dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=P+%3C+N_G%28Q%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='P &lt; N_G(Q)' title='P &lt; N_G(Q)' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=P%2C+Q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='P, Q' title='P, Q' class='latex' /> er sylow p-undergrupper i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_G%28Q%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_G(Q)' title='N_G(Q)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Q&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='Q' title='Q' class='latex' /> er normal i denne må vi have, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=P%3DQ&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='P=Q' title='P=Q' class='latex' />.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">sorendahlgaard</media:title>
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		<title>Gruppevirkninger</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/03/24/gruppevirkninger/</link>
		<comments>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/03/24/gruppevirkninger/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 24 Mar 2011 15:18:23 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bane]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[center af gruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[gruppevirkning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[induceret homomorfi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[isotropigruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[konjugerinsklasse]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[normalisator]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[stabilisator]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/?p=733</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vi skal nu se på en teknik vi kan bruge til at klassificere ikke abelske endelige grupper. Definition: Lad gruppe og mængde. Og lad os have en funktion som vi betegner Hvis der for denne funktion gælder for alle $lates x\in S$ og at: Da siger vi, at virker på og at funktionen er en [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=733&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Vi skal nu se på en teknik vi kan bruge til at klassificere ikke abelske endelige grupper.</p>
<p><strong>Definition:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> gruppe og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> mængde. Og lad os have en funktion <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ctimes+S%5Cto+S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;times S&#92;to S' title='G&#92;times S&#92;to S' class='latex' /> som vi betegner <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28g%2Cx%29%5Cmapsto+g.x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(g,x)&#92;mapsto g.x' title='(g,x)&#92;mapsto g.x' class='latex' /> Hvis der for denne funktion gælder for alle $lates x\in S$ og<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g_1%2C+g_2%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g_1, g_2&#92;in G' title='g_1, g_2&#92;in G' class='latex' /> at:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e.x+%3D+x%5Cquad+g_1.%28g_2.x%29+%3D+%28g_1g_2%29.x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='e.x = x&#92;quad g_1.(g_2.x) = (g_1g_2).x' title='e.x = x&#92;quad g_1.(g_2.x) = (g_1g_2).x' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Da siger vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> virker på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> og at funktionen er en gruppevirkning.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Eksempel:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_n' title='S_n' class='latex' /> virker på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=I_n+%3D+%5C%7B1%2C+2%2C+%5Cldots%2C+n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='I_n = &#92;{1, 2, &#92;ldots, n&#92;}' title='I_n = &#92;{1, 2, &#92;ldots, n&#92;}' class='latex' /> ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28%5Csigma%2C+x%29%5Cmapsto+%5Csigma%28x%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(&#92;sigma, x)&#92;mapsto &#92;sigma(x)' title='(&#92;sigma, x)&#92;mapsto &#92;sigma(x)' class='latex' /> (Let at verificere egenskaberne.)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Eksempel:</strong> Venstre hhv. højre translation (disse skal vi bruge meget). virkningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%5Ctimes+G%5Cto+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H&#92;times G&#92;to G' title='H&#92;times G&#92;to G' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%3CG&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H&lt;G' title='H&lt;G' class='latex' /> (begge grupper): <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28h%2Cx%29%5Cmapsto+hx&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(h,x)&#92;mapsto hx' title='(h,x)&#92;mapsto hx' class='latex' />. Eksempelvis kunne vi have at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' /> var en anden undergruppe i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> er mængden af alle sideklasserne med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />, da har vi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28h%2C+xK%29%5Cmapsto+hxK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(h, xK)&#92;mapsto hxK' title='(h, xK)&#92;mapsto hxK' class='latex' /> er en gruppevirkning.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Eksempel:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%2C+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H, G' title='H, G' class='latex' /> grupper med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H+%3C+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H &lt; G' title='H &lt; G' class='latex' />, da virker <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> med konjugering: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28h%2C+x%29%5Cmapsto+hxh%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(h, x)&#92;mapsto hxh^{-1}' title='(h, x)&#92;mapsto hxh^{-1}' class='latex' />. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' /> er en undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=hKh%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='hKh^{-1}' title='hKh^{-1}' class='latex' /> en undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> som er isomorf til <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' />. Vi kan således sige, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> virker må mængden af alle undergrupper i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Bevis for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=hKh%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='hKh^{-1}' title='hKh^{-1}' class='latex' /> undergruppe isomorf med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' />: Undergruppe: For to elementer <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb%5Cin+hKh%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a,b&#92;in hKh^{-1}' title='a,b&#92;in hKh^{-1}' class='latex' /> ser vi, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ab%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+hk_1h%5E%7B-1%7D+%28hk_2h%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+hk_1h%5E%7B-1%7Dhk_2%5E%7B-1%7Dh%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+hk_1k_2%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+hKh%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='ab^{-1} = hk_1h^{-1} (hk_2h^{-1})^{-1} = hk_1h^{-1}hk_2^{-1}h^{-1} = hk_1k_2^{-1}&#92;in hKh^{-1}' title='ab^{-1} = hk_1h^{-1} (hk_2h^{-1})^{-1} = hk_1h^{-1}hk_2^{-1}h^{-1} = hk_1k_2^{-1}&#92;in hKh^{-1}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Isomorf: Kig på homomorfien konjugering. Klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=hkh%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+e+%5CLeftrightarrow+k+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='hkh^{-1} = e &#92;Leftrightarrow k = e' title='hkh^{-1} = e &#92;Leftrightarrow k = e' class='latex' />. Men da er grupperne lige store og dermed er afbildningen også surjektiv.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> virke på mængden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />, da gælder følgende:</p>
<ol>
<li style="text-align:left;">Relationen: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Csim+x%27+%5CLeftrightarrow+%5Cexists+g%5Cin+G+%3A+g.x+%3D+x%27&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;sim x&#039; &#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;exists g&#92;in G : g.x = x&#039;' title='x&#92;sim x&#039; &#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;exists g&#92;in G : g.x = x&#039;' class='latex' /> er en ækvivalensrelation. (Ækvivalensklasserne kaldes baner)</li>
<li>For hvert <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in S' title='x&#92;in S' class='latex' /> er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_x+%3D+%5C%7Bg%5Cin+G+%7C+g.x+%3D+x%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_x = &#92;{g&#92;in G | g.x = x&#92;}' title='G_x = &#92;{g&#92;in G | g.x = x&#92;}' class='latex' /> (Kaldet isotropigruppen eller stabilisatoren)</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Refleksiv: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=e.x+%3D+x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='e.x = x' title='e.x = x' class='latex' /> (pr. def.), <em>Symmetrisk:</em> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g.x+%3D+x%27&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g.x = x&#039;' title='g.x = x&#039;' class='latex' /> Kig nu på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5E%7B-1%7D.x%27+%3D+g%5E%7B-1%7D.%28g.x%29+%3D+e.x+%3D+x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g^{-1}.x&#039; = g^{-1}.(g.x) = e.x = x' title='g^{-1}.x&#039; = g^{-1}.(g.x) = e.x = x' class='latex' />, <em>Transitiv:</em> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g_1.x_1+%3D+x_1+%5Cland+g_2.x_2+%3D+x_3%5CRightarrow+g_2.%28g_1.x_1%29+%3D+%28g_2g_1%29.x_1+%3D+x_3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g_1.x_1 = x_1 &#92;land g_2.x_2 = x_3&#92;Rightarrow g_2.(g_1.x_1) = (g_2g_1).x_1 = x_3' title='g_1.x_1 = x_1 &#92;land g_2.x_2 = x_3&#92;Rightarrow g_2.(g_1.x_1) = (g_2g_1).x_1 = x_3' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g_1%2C+g_2%5Cin+G_x+%5CRightarrow+%28g_1g_2%5E%7B-1%7D%29.x+%3D+%28g_1g_2%5E%7B-1%7D%29.%28g_2.x%29+%3D+%28g_1g_2%5E%7B-1%7Dg_2%29.x+%3D+g_1.x+%3D+x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g_1, g_2&#92;in G_x &#92;Rightarrow (g_1g_2^{-1}).x = (g_1g_2^{-1}).(g_2.x) = (g_1g_2^{-1}g_2).x = g_1.x = x' title='g_1, g_2&#92;in G_x &#92;Rightarrow (g_1g_2^{-1}).x = (g_1g_2^{-1}).(g_2.x) = (g_1g_2^{-1}g_2).x = g_1.x = x' class='latex' /></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Eksempler:</strong> Se banen for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> med konjugering: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bgxg%5E%7B-1%7D+%7C+g%5Cin+G%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{gxg^{-1} | g&#92;in G&#92;}' title='&#92;{gxg^{-1} | g&#92;in G&#92;}' class='latex' /> kaldes konjugeringsklassen for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' />. Isotropigruppen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H_x+%3D+%5C%7Bh%5Cin+H+%7C+hxh%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+x%5C%7D+%3D+%5C%7Bh%5Cin+H+%7C+hx+%3D+xh%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H_x = &#92;{h&#92;in H | hxh^{-1} = x&#92;} = &#92;{h&#92;in H | hx = xh&#92;}' title='H_x = &#92;{h&#92;in H | hxh^{-1} = x&#92;} = &#92;{h&#92;in H | hx = xh&#92;}' class='latex' /> kaldes centeret af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> virker med konjugering på alle undergrupperne i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> kaldes stabilisatoren: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bh%5Cin+H+%7C+hKh%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+K%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{h&#92;in H | hKh^{-1} = K&#92;}' title='&#92;{h&#92;in H | hKh^{-1} = K&#92;}' class='latex' /> for normalisatoren af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> og betegnes <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_H%28K%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_H(K)' title='N_H(K)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_G%28K%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_G(K)' title='N_G(K)' class='latex' /> kaldes bare normalisatoren af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Banelængden af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' /> er det samme som indeks af stabilisatoren (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7C%5Coverline%7Bx%7D%7C+%3D+%5BG+%3A+G_x%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|&#92;overline{x}| = [G : G_x]' title='|&#92;overline{x}| = [G : G_x]' class='latex' />)</p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g.x+%3D+h.x+%5CLeftrightarrow+%28g%5E%7B-1%7Dh%29.x+%3D+x+%5CLeftrightarrow+g%5E%7B-1%7Dh%5Cin+G_x+%5CLeftrightarrow+hG_x+%3D+gG_x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g.x = h.x &#92;Leftrightarrow (g^{-1}h).x = x &#92;Leftrightarrow g^{-1}h&#92;in G_x &#92;Leftrightarrow hG_x = gG_x' title='g.x = h.x &#92;Leftrightarrow (g^{-1}h).x = x &#92;Leftrightarrow g^{-1}h&#92;in G_x &#92;Leftrightarrow hG_x = gG_x' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Korollar: </strong><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> endelig gruppe, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' /> undergruppe.</p>
<ol>
<li>Antallet af elementer i konjugeringsklassen af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+G+%3D+%5BG+%3A+C_G%28x%29%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in G = [G : C_G(x)]' title='x&#92;in G = [G : C_G(x)]' class='latex' /> og det går op i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />&#8216;s orden.</li>
<li>Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bx_1%7D%2C+%5Coverline%7Bx_2%7D%2C+%5Cldots%2C+%5Coverline%7Bx_3%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{x_1}, &#92;overline{x_2}, &#92;ldots, &#92;overline{x_3}' title='&#92;overline{x_1}, &#92;overline{x_2}, &#92;ldots, &#92;overline{x_3}' class='latex' /> være de forskellige konjugeringsklasser. Da er ordenen af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> lig med summen af banelængderne <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7C%5Coverline%7Bx_i%7D%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|&#92;overline{x_i}|' title='|&#92;overline{x_i}|' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>Antallet af undergrupper i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> der er konjugeret af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' /> er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BG+%3A+N_G%28K%29%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[G : N_G(K)]' title='[G : N_G(K)]' class='latex' /> og går op i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CG%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|G|' title='|G|' class='latex' />.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Følger direkte.</p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> virker på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />, da inducerer denne virkning en homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Cto+A%28S%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;to A(S)' title='G&#92;to A(S)' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A%28S%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A(S)' title='A(S)' class='latex' /> er mængden af alle permutationer af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Betragt isomorfien <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctau_g+%3A+S%5Cto+S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tau_g : S&#92;to S' title='&#92;tau_g : S&#92;to S' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cmapsto+g.x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;mapsto g.x' title='x&#92;mapsto g.x' class='latex' />. Betragt derefter homomorfien <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cto+%5Ctau_g&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;to &#92;tau_g' title='g&#92;to &#92;tau_g' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Korollar:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er en gruppe findes der en monomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Cto+A%28G%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;to A(G)' title='G&#92;to A(G)' class='latex' />, og dermed er alle grupper isomorf med en undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_n%2C+n+%3D+%7CG%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_n, n = |G|' title='S_n, n = |G|' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> virke på sig selv med venstretranslation. og brug forrige sætning. Bemærk, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctau_g+%3D+e+%5CLeftrightarrow+%5Ctau_g%28x%29+%3D+x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tau_g = e &#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;tau_g(x) = x' title='&#92;tau_g = e &#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;tau_g(x) = x' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' />. Særligt har vi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g.e+%3D+e+%5CRightarrow+g+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g.e = e &#92;Rightarrow g = e' title='g.e = e &#92;Rightarrow g = e' class='latex' />. Dermed injektiv. Se også, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A%28G%29%5Ccong+S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A(G)&#92;cong S_n' title='A(G)&#92;cong S_n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Korollar: </strong><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> gruppe</p>
<ol>
<li>For hvert <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;in G' title='g&#92;in G' class='latex' /> inducerer konjugering med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g' title='g' class='latex' /> en automorfi på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /></li>
<li>Der er en homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Cto+%5Ctext%7BAut%7D+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;to &#92;text{Aut} G' title='G&#92;to &#92;text{Aut} G' class='latex' /> (gruppen af alle automorfier på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> med kernen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C%28G%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C(G)' title='C(G)' class='latex' />.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctau_g%28x%29+%3D+gxg%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tau_g(x) = gxg^{-1}' title='&#92;tau_g(x) = gxg^{-1}' class='latex' /> er klart en isomorfi.</li>
<li>Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> virke på sig selv med konjugering. Vi ved fra (1) at billedet af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctau+G%5Cto+A%28G%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tau G&#92;to A(G)' title='&#92;tau G&#92;to A(G)' class='latex' /> er indeholdt i gruppen af alle automorfier på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> (bemærk: Indeholdt!). Vi ved nu, at</li>
</ol>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cin+%5Cker+%5Ctau+%5CLeftrightarrow+%5Ctau_g+%3D+e+%5CLeftrightarrow+gxg%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+x+%5Cforall+x%5Cin+G+%5CLeftrightarrow+gx+%3D+xg&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;in &#92;ker &#92;tau &#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;tau_g = e &#92;Leftrightarrow gxg^{-1} = x &#92;forall x&#92;in G &#92;Leftrightarrow gx = xg' title='g&#92;in &#92;ker &#92;tau &#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;tau_g = e &#92;Leftrightarrow gxg^{-1} = x &#92;forall x&#92;in G &#92;Leftrightarrow gx = xg' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Men det er jo netop centret <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C%28G%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C(G)' title='C(G)' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Proposition:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> virke på mængden af alle sideklasser af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> med venstretranslation. Da er kernen af den inducerede homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Cto+A%28S%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;to A(S)' title='G&#92;to A(S)' class='latex' /> indeholdt i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Den inducerede homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Cto+A%28S%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;to A(S)' title='G&#92;to A(S)' class='latex' /> er givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cmapsto+%5Ctau_g&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;mapsto &#92;tau_g' title='g&#92;mapsto &#92;tau_g' class='latex' />, hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctau_g+S%5Cto+S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tau_g S&#92;to S' title='&#92;tau_g S&#92;to S' class='latex' /> er defineret som <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctau_g%28xH%29+%3D+gxH&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tau_g(xH) = gxH' title='&#92;tau_g(xH) = gxH' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Kernen er netop de <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;in G' title='g&#92;in G' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=gxH+%3D+xH&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='gxH = xH' title='gxH = xH' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x' title='x' class='latex' />. Særligt er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=geH+%3D+H%5CRightarrow+g%5Cin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='geH = H&#92;Rightarrow g&#92;in H' title='geH = H&#92;Rightarrow g&#92;in H' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> er en undergruppe af index <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> og ingen ikke triviel normal undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er indeholdt i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />, da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> isomorf med en undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_n' title='S_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Brug forrige proposition. Vi har at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Cto+A%28S%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;to A(S)' title='G&#92;to A(S)' class='latex' /> har kerne indeholdt i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />, men da er kernen triviel, og den inducerede homomorfi er således injektiv. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A%28S%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A(S)' title='A(S)' class='latex' /> er gruppen med alle permutationer af sideklasserne af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> (dem er der <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> af) følger resten.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> være en undergruppe af en endelig gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BG%3AH%5D+%3D+p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[G:H] = p' title='[G:H] = p' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> er det mindste primtal, så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p+%7C+%7CG%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p | |G|' title='p | |G|' class='latex' />. Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%5Cvartriangleleft+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H&#92;vartriangleleft G' title='H&#92;vartriangleleft G' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Se på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> alle sideklasserne af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />. Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A%28S%29+%5Ccong+S_p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A(S) &#92;cong S_p' title='A(S) &#92;cong S_p' class='latex' />. Se på kernen af den inducerede homomorfi, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' />. Kig på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/K' title='G/K' class='latex' /> som er isomorf med en undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_p' title='S_p' class='latex' />, dvs <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CG%2FK%7C+%3D+%5BG+%3A+K%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|G/K| = [G : K]' title='|G/K| = [G : K]' class='latex' /> går op i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%21&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p!' title='p!' class='latex' />. Brug nu <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' />&#8216;s minimalitet til at vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%3DK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H=K' title='H=K' class='latex' />.</p>
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		<title>Algebra1 &#8211; Endeligt frembragte abelske grupper</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/03/16/algebra1-endeligt-frembragte-abelske-grupper/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2011 20:45:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[abelsk gruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[elementære divisiorer]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[endeligt frembragt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[endeligt frembragte abelske grupper]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[invariante faktorer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/?p=721</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sætning: Enhver endeligt frembragt abelsk gruppe er isomorf med en direkte sum af cykliske i hvilken de endelige summander har ordner, med og . Bevis: Vi ved, at der findes en fri abelsk gruppe af endelig rang og en epimorfi . Vi ved at og at der findes en basis Vi kan nu bruge vores [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=721&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Enhver endeligt frembragt abelsk gruppe er isomorf med en direkte sum af cykliske i hvilken de endelige summander har ordner,</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+m_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1, &#92;ldots, m_t' title='m_1, &#92;ldots, m_t' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1+%3E+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1 &gt; 1' title='m_1 &gt; 1' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1+%7C+m_2+%7C+%5Ccdots+%7C+m_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1 | m_2 | &#92;cdots | m_t' title='m_1 | m_2 | &#92;cdots | m_t' class='latex' />.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Bevis: </strong>Vi ved, at der findes en fri abelsk gruppe af endelig rang og en epimorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+F%5Cto+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : F&#92;to G' title='f : F&#92;to G' class='latex' />. Vi ved at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+f+%3C+F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker f &lt; F' title='&#92;ker f &lt; F' class='latex' /> og at der findes en basis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bd_1x_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+d_rx_r%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{d_1x_1, &#92;ldots, d_rx_r&#92;}' title='&#92;{d_1x_1, &#92;ldots, d_rx_r&#92;}' class='latex' /> Vi kan nu bruge vores isomorfisætning til at se, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+F%2F%5Cker+f+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Er+%5Clangle+x_i+%5Crangle+%2F+%5Clangle+d_ix_i+%5Crangle+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%2F+d_i%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong F/&#92;ker f &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;langle x_i &#92;rangle / &#92;langle d_ix_i &#92;rangle &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^n &#92;mathbb{Z} / d_i&#92;mathbb{Z}' title='G&#92;cong F/&#92;ker f &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;langle x_i &#92;rangle / &#92;langle d_ix_i &#92;rangle &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^n &#92;mathbb{Z} / d_i&#92;mathbb{Z}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Det er klart at se, at hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d_i+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d_i = 0' title='d_i = 0' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%2F+d_i%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D+%3D+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z} / d_i&#92;mathbb{Z} = &#92;mathbb{Z}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z} / d_i&#92;mathbb{Z} = &#92;mathbb{Z}' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Sætning: </strong>Det samme, men med primtalspotenser i stedet for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_i' title='m_i' class='latex' />&#8216;erne.</p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Beviset følger umiddelbart af forrige sætning og følgende lemma:  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Lemma:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m+%3D+p_1%5E%7Bk_1%7Dp_2%5E%7Bk_2%7D%5Ccdot+p_t%5E%7Bk_t%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m = p_1^{k_1}p_2^{k_2}&#92;cdot p_t^{k_t}' title='m = p_1^{k_1}p_2^{k_2}&#92;cdot p_t^{k_t}' class='latex' /> da har vi, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Z_m+%5Ccong+Z_%7Bp_1%5E%7Bk_1%7D%7D%5Coplus+Z_%7Bp_2%5E%7Bk_2%7D%7D+%5Coplus+%5Cldots+%5Coplus+Z_%7Bp_t%5E%7Bk_t%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='Z_m &#92;cong Z_{p_1^{k_1}}&#92;oplus Z_{p_2^{k_2}} &#92;oplus &#92;ldots &#92;oplus Z_{p_t^{k_t}}' title='Z_m &#92;cong Z_{p_1^{k_1}}&#92;oplus Z_{p_2^{k_2}} &#92;oplus &#92;ldots &#92;oplus Z_{p_t^{k_t}}' class='latex' />.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Brug induktion og følgende faktum:</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Z_%7Bab%7D+%5Ccong+Z_a%5Coplus+Z_b&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='Z_{ab} &#92;cong Z_a&#92;oplus Z_b' title='Z_{ab} &#92;cong Z_a&#92;oplus Z_b' class='latex' /> hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a%2Cb%29+%3D+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a,b) = 1' title='(a,b) = 1' class='latex' /> (GCD).</p>
<p>Bevis for dette: Kig på afbildningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+Z_a%5Coplus+Z_b+%5Cto+Z_%7Bab%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : Z_a&#92;oplus Z_b &#92;to Z_{ab}' title='f : Z_a&#92;oplus Z_b &#92;to Z_{ab}' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28x%2Cy%29%5Cmapsto+ax+%2B+by&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(x,y)&#92;mapsto ax + by' title='(x,y)&#92;mapsto ax + by' class='latex' />. Da vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a%2Cb%29+%3D+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a,b) = 1' title='(a,b) = 1' class='latex' /> har vi, at der findes tal <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u%2Cv&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='u,v' title='u,v' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=au+%2B+bv+%3D+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='au + bv = 1' title='au + bv = 1' class='latex' />. Dvs. at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28uk%2C+vk%29+%3D+k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(uk, vk) = k' title='f(uk, vk) = k' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k' title='k' class='latex' /> og dermed er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> en epimorfi. Da grupperne har samme orden kan vi nu slutte, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er en isomorfi.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Korollar:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er abelsk af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />, har den en undergruppe af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m+%7C+n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m | n' title='m | n' class='latex' />  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp_1%5E%7Bk_1%7D%7D+%5Coplus+%5Cldots+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp_t%5E%7Bk_t%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_1^{k_1}} &#92;oplus &#92;ldots &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_t^{k_t}}' title='G&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_1^{k_1}} &#92;oplus &#92;ldots &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_t^{k_t}}' class='latex' />. Dvs. at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CG%7C+%3D+%7Cp_1%5E%7Bk_1%7D%7C%5Ccdots+%7Cp_t%5E%7Bk_t%7D%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|G| = |p_1^{k_1}|&#92;cdots |p_t^{k_t}|' title='|G| = |p_1^{k_1}|&#92;cdots |p_t^{k_t}|' class='latex' /> Vi kan nu bruge, at undergruppen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5E%7Br-i%7D%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5Er%7D+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5Ei%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^{r-i}&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^r} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^i}' title='p^{r-i}&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^r} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^i}' class='latex' />. Eks: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=5%5E1%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7B5%5E2%7D+%3D+%5C%7B0%2C+5%2C+10%2C+15%2C+20%5C%7D+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='5^1&#92;mathbb{Z}_{5^2} = &#92;{0, 5, 10, 15, 20&#92;} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_5' title='5^1&#92;mathbb{Z}_{5^2} = &#92;{0, 5, 10, 15, 20&#92;} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_5' class='latex' />  Bemærk, at dette ikke nødvendigvis gælder hvis gruppen ikke er abelsk.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Lemma:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> være en abelsk gruppe og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m%2C+p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m, p' title='m, p' class='latex' /> hhv. heltal og primtal. Da er følgende undergrupper af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /></p>
<ul>
<li>1. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=mG+%3D+%5C%7Bmu+%7C+g%5Cin+G%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='mG = &#92;{mu | g&#92;in G&#92;}' title='mG = &#92;{mu | g&#92;in G&#92;}' class='latex' /></li>
<li>2. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Bm%5D+%3D+%5C%7Bg%5Cin+G+%7C+mg+%3D+0%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G[m] = &#92;{g&#92;in G | mg = 0&#92;}' title='G[m] = &#92;{g&#92;in G | mg = 0&#92;}' class='latex' /></li>
<li>3. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%28p%29+%3D+%5C%7Bg%5Cin+G+%7C+%7Cg%7C+%3D+p%5En%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G(p) = &#92;{g&#92;in G | |g| = p^n&#92;}' title='G(p) = &#92;{g&#92;in G | |g| = p^n&#92;}' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n+%5Cge+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n &#92;ge 0' title='n &#92;ge 0' class='latex' /></li>
<li>4. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_t+%3D+%5C%7Bg%5Cin+G+%7C+%7Cg%7C+%3C+%5Cinfty%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_t = &#92;{g&#92;in G | |g| &lt; &#92;infty&#92;}' title='G_t = &#92;{g&#92;in G | |g| &lt; &#92;infty&#92;}' class='latex' /></li>
</ul>
<p>Særligt har vi disse isomorfier:</p>
<ul>
<li>5. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5En%7D%5Bp%5D+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}[p] &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_p' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}[p] &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_p' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Em%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5En%7D+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5E%7Bn-m%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^m&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{n-m}}' title='p^m&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n} &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{n-m}}' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m+%3C+n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m &lt; n' title='m &lt; n' class='latex' /></li>
</ul>
<p>Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%2C+G_i%2C+i%5Cin+I&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H, G_i, i&#92;in I' title='H, G_i, i&#92;in I' class='latex' /> være abelske grupper.</p>
<ul>
<li>6. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+G%5Cto+%5Csum_%7Bi%5Cin+I%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : G&#92;to &#92;sum_{i&#92;in I}' title='f : G&#92;to &#92;sum_{i&#92;in I}' class='latex' /> er en isomorfi, da restriktionen af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> til <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=mG%2C+G%5Bm%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='mG, G[m]' title='mG, G[m]' class='latex' /> også. Dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=mG%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%5Cin+I%7D+mG_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='mG&#92;cong &#92;sum_{i&#92;in I} mG_i' title='mG&#92;cong &#92;sum_{i&#92;in I} mG_i' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Bm%5D%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%5Cin+I%7DG_i%5Bm%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G[m]&#92;cong &#92;sum_{i&#92;in I}G_i[m]' title='G[m]&#92;cong &#92;sum_{i&#92;in I}G_i[m]' class='latex' /></li>
<li>7. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A+G%5Cto+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f: G&#92;to H' title='f: G&#92;to H' class='latex' /> er en isomorfi, da er restriktionen af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> til <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_t%2C+G%28p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_t, G(p)' title='G_t, G(p)' class='latex' /> også. Dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_t%5Ccong+H_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_t&#92;cong H_t' title='G_t&#92;cong H_t' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%28p%29%5Ccong+H%28p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G(p)&#92;cong H(p)' title='G(p)&#92;cong H(p)' class='latex' />.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> (Husk at vi arbejder med abelske grupper)</p>
<ul>
<li>1. Hvis vi har to elementer <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=mu%2C+mv%5Cin+mG&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='mu, mv&#92;in mG' title='mu, mv&#92;in mG' class='latex' /> er det klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=mu-mv+%3D+m%28u-v%29%5Cin+mG&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='mu-mv = m(u-v)&#92;in mG' title='mu-mv = m(u-v)&#92;in mG' class='latex' /></li>
<li>2. Hvis vi har to elementer <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g_1%2C+g_2%5Cin+G%5Bm%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g_1, g_2&#92;in G[m]' title='g_1, g_2&#92;in G[m]' class='latex' /> Da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=0+%3D+mg_1+-+mg_2+%3D+m%28g_1-g_2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='0 = mg_1 - mg_2 = m(g_1-g_2)' title='0 = mg_1 - mg_2 = m(g_1-g_2)' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>3. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g_1%2C+g_2%5Cin+G%28p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g_1, g_2&#92;in G(p)' title='g_1, g_2&#92;in G(p)' class='latex' /> da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28g_1-g_2%29%5Ep+%3D+g_1%5Ep-g_2%5Ep+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(g_1-g_2)^p = g_1^p-g_2^p = 0' title='(g_1-g_2)^p = g_1^p-g_2^p = 0' class='latex' />. Det er klart, at for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%27+%3C+p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p&#039; &lt; p' title='p&#039; &lt; p' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28g_1-g_2%29%5E%7Bp%27%7D+%5Cne+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(g_1-g_2)^{p&#039;} &#92;ne 0' title='(g_1-g_2)^{p&#039;} &#92;ne 0' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>4. Hvis vi har <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g_1%2C+g_2%5Cin+G_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g_1, g_2&#92;in G_t' title='g_1, g_2&#92;in G_t' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28g_1+-+g_2%29%5E%7B%7Cg_1%7C%7Cg_2%7C%7D+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(g_1 - g_2)^{|g_1||g_2|} = 0' title='(g_1 - g_2)^{|g_1||g_2|} = 0' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>5. Vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5E%7Bn-1%7D+%5Cin+Z_%7Bp%5En%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^{n-1} &#92;in Z_{p^n}' title='p^{n-1} &#92;in Z_{p^n}' class='latex' /> har orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> (dermed isomorf med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}_p' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}_p' class='latex' />). Vi har også, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+p%5E%7Bn-1%7D+%5Crangle+%3C+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5En%7D%5Bp%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;langle p^{n-1} &#92;rangle &lt; &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}[p]' title='&#92;langle p^{n-1} &#92;rangle &lt; &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}[p]' class='latex' />. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5En%7D%5Bp%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='u&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}[p]' title='u&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}[p]' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5En+%7C+pu&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^n | pu' title='p^n | pu' class='latex' /> men dermed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5E%7Bn-1%7D+%7C+u&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^{n-1} | u' title='p^{n-1} | u' class='latex' />, dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+p%5E%7Bn-1%7D+%5Crangle+%3E+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5En%7D%5Bp%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;langle p^{n-1} &#92;rangle &gt; &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}[p]' title='&#92;langle p^{n-1} &#92;rangle &gt; &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}[p]' class='latex' />. Anden del: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5Em%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5En%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^m&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}' title='p^m&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^n}' class='latex' /> har orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n-m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n-m' title='n-m' class='latex' />.</li>
</ul>
<p>osv.  <strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> være en endeligt frembragt abelsk gruppe. Da gælder følgende 3 ting:</p>
<ol>
<li>I alle dekompositioner af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> vil antallet, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=s&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='s' title='s' class='latex' />, af uendelig summander være det samme.</li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er enten fri abelsk, eller der findes en unik liste af tal <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+m_t%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BN%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1, &#92;ldots, m_t&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}' title='m_1, &#92;ldots, m_t&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1+%3E+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1 &gt; 1' title='m_1 &gt; 1' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1+%7C+m_2+%7C+%5Ccdots+%7C+m_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1 | m_2 | &#92;cdots | m_t' title='m_1 | m_2 | &#92;cdots | m_t' class='latex' />, så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bm_1%7D+%5Coplus+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bm_2%7D+%5Coplus+%5Cldots+%5Coplus+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bm_t%7D+%5Coplus+F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_1} &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_2} &#92;oplus &#92;ldots &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_t} &#92;oplus F' title='G&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_1} &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_2} &#92;oplus &#92;ldots &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_t} &#92;oplus F' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er enten fri abelsk, eller der findes en unik liste af primtalspotenser <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p_1%5E%7Bs_1%7D%2C+%5Cldots%2C+p_k%5E%7Bs_k%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p_1^{s_1}, &#92;ldots, p_k^{s_k}' title='p_1^{s_1}, &#92;ldots, p_k^{s_k}' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp_1%5E%7Bs_1%7D%7D+%5Coplus+%5Cldots+%5Coplus+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp_k%5E%7Bs_k%7D%7D+%5Coplus+F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_1^{s_1}} &#92;oplus &#92;ldots &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_k^{s_k}} &#92;oplus F' title='G&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_1^{s_1}} &#92;oplus &#92;ldots &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_k^{s_k}} &#92;oplus F' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> <strong></strong>(1): Enhver dekomposition af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> vil give <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+H%5Coplus+F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong H&#92;oplus F' title='G&#92;cong H&#92;oplus F' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> er en fri abelsk gruppe af rang netop <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=s&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='s' title='s' class='latex' /> &#8211; antallet af uendelige cykliske summander i dekompositionen. Hvis vi ser på torsion undergruppen af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%5Coplus+F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H&#92;oplus F' title='H&#92;oplus F' class='latex' /> ser vi, at den er givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ciota%28H%29%2C+%5Ciota%28h%29+%3D+%28h%2C+0%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;iota(H), &#92;iota(h) = (h, 0)' title='&#92;iota(H), &#92;iota(h) = (h, 0)' class='latex' /> (den kanoniske injektion på gruppen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />). Da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FG_t+%5Ccong+%28H%5Coplus+F%29%2F%5Ciota%28H%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/G_t &#92;cong (H&#92;oplus F)/&#92;iota(H)' title='G/G_t &#92;cong (H&#92;oplus F)/&#92;iota(H)' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FG_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/G_t' title='G/G_t' class='latex' /> ikke afhænger af dekompositionen ser vi det ønskede.</p>
<p>(3): Vi viser 3. først, da vi bruger denne i beviset for (2) herunder. Lad os antage, at vi har to forskellige dekompositioner:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Er+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bn_i%7D+%5Coplus+F+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5Ed+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bk_j%7D+%5Coplus+F%27&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{n_i} &#92;oplus F &#92;cong &#92;sum_{j=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_j} &#92;oplus F&#039;' title='G&#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{n_i} &#92;oplus F &#92;cong &#92;sum_{j=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_j} &#92;oplus F&#039;' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">med hvert <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_i%2C+k_j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_i, k_j' title='n_i, k_j' class='latex' /> primtalspotenser. Vi vil nu vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r+%3D+d&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r = d' title='r = d' class='latex' /> og dernæst at alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_i+%3D+k_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_i = k_i' title='n_i = k_i' class='latex' />. Vi har klart, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Er+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bn_i%7D+%5Ccong+G_t+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5Ed+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bk_j%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{n_i} &#92;cong G_t &#92;cong &#92;sum_{j=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_j}' title='&#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{n_i} &#92;cong G_t &#92;cong &#92;sum_{j=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_j}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">og vi har ligeledes, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Er+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bn_i%7D%29%28p%29+%3D+%28%5Csum_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5Ed+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bk_j%7D%29%28p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(&#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{n_i})(p) = (&#92;sum_{j=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_j})(p)' title='(&#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{n_i})(p) = (&#92;sum_{j=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_j})(p)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi kan således nøjes med at vise (3) for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G+%3D+G%28p%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G = G(p)' title='G = G(p)' class='latex' />. Vi har derfor:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Er+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Ba_i%7D+%5Ccong+G+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bj%3D1%7D%5Ed+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bb_j%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{a_i} &#92;cong G &#92;cong &#92;sum_{j=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{b_j}' title='&#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{a_i} &#92;cong G &#92;cong &#92;sum_{j=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{b_j}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">For at se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r%3Dd&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r=d' title='r=d' class='latex' /> kigger vi på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Bp%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G[p]' title='G[p]' class='latex' />. Vi har, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Bp%5D+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Er+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5E%7Ba_i%7D%7D%5Bp%5D+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_p%5Er&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G[p] &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{a_i}}[p] &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_p^r' title='G[p] &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{a_i}}[p] &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_p^r' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Gentages samme argument med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d' title='d' class='latex' /> kan vi se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r%3Dd&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r=d' title='r=d' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Lad os nu antage, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1+%5Cle+a_2+%5Cle+%5Cldots+%5Cle+a_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1 &#92;le a_2 &#92;le &#92;ldots &#92;le a_r' title='a_1 &#92;le a_2 &#92;le &#92;ldots &#92;le a_r' class='latex' /> og det samme for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+b_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b_1, &#92;ldots, b_r' title='b_1, &#92;ldots, b_r' class='latex' />. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=v&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='v' title='v' class='latex' /> være det første tal, så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_v%5Cne+b_v&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_v&#92;ne b_v' title='a_v&#92;ne b_v' class='latex' />. Vi kan antage uden tab af generalitet, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_v+%3C+b_v&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_v &lt; b_v' title='a_v &lt; b_v' class='latex' />. Kig nu på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5E%7Ba_v%7DG&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^{a_v}G' title='p^{a_v}G' class='latex' />:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5E%7Ba_v%7DG+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Er+p%5E%7Ba_v%7D%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5E%7Ba_i%7D%7D+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%3Dv%2B1%7D%5Er+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5E%7Ba_i+-+a_v%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^{a_v}G &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^r p^{a_v}&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{a_i}} &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=v+1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{a_i - a_v}}' title='p^{a_v}G &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^r p^{a_v}&#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{a_i}} &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=v+1}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{a_i - a_v}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Men vi har også, at:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p%5E%7Ba_v%7DG+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%3Dv%7D%5Er+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp%5E%7Bb_i+-+a_v%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p^{a_v}G &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=v}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{b_i - a_v}}' title='p^{a_v}G &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=v}^r &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p^{b_i - a_v}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Da der ikke er det samma antal summander i summeringerne får vi en modstrid.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Primtalspotenserne i denne fremstilling kaldes for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />&#8216;s elementære divisorer</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">(2): Lad os igen antage, at vi har to forskellige dekompositioner:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bm_1%7D+%5Coplus+%5Ccdots+%5Coplus+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bm_t%7D+%5Coplus+F+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bk_1%7D+%5Coplus+%5Ccdots+%5Coplus+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bk_r%7D+%5Coplus+F%27&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_1} &#92;oplus &#92;cdots &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_t} &#92;oplus F &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_1} &#92;oplus &#92;cdots &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_r} &#92;oplus F&#039;' title='G&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_1} &#92;oplus &#92;cdots &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{m_t} &#92;oplus F &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_1} &#92;oplus &#92;cdots &#92;oplus &#92;mathbb{Z}_{k_r} &#92;oplus F&#039;' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Disse kan skrives op som primfaktoriseringer af (de samme, forskellige) primtal <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+p_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p_1, &#92;ldots, p_n' title='p_1, &#92;ldots, p_n' class='latex' /> &#8211; (ved at indsætte <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p_i%5E0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p_i^0' title='p_i^0' class='latex' /> hvor nødvendigt.):</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1+%3D+p_1%5E%7Ba_11%7D+%5Ccdot+p_2%5E%7Ba_12%7D+%5Ccdots+p_r%5E%7Ba1r%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1 = p_1^{a_11} &#92;cdot p_2^{a_12} &#92;cdots p_r^{a1r}' title='m_1 = p_1^{a_11} &#92;cdot p_2^{a_12} &#92;cdots p_r^{a1r}' class='latex' /> (osv.)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Bemærk, at da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1+%7C+m_2+%7C+%5Ccdots+%7C+m_t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1 | m_2 | &#92;cdots | m_t' title='m_1 | m_2 | &#92;cdots | m_t' class='latex' /> har vi også, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_%7B1j%7D+%3C+a_%7B2j%7D+%3C+%5Cldots+%3C+a_%7Btj%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_{1j} &lt; a_{2j} &lt; &#92;ldots &lt; a_{tj}' title='a_{1j} &lt; a_{2j} &lt; &#92;ldots &lt; a_{tj}' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_1+%3E+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_1 &gt; 1' title='m_1 &gt; 1' class='latex' /> må vi have, at mindst en <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_%7B1j%7D+%3E+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_{1j} &gt; 1' title='a_{1j} &gt; 1' class='latex' />, og dermed, at følgende:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Et+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp_j%5E%7Baij%7D%7D+%5Ccong+G%28p_j%29+%5Ccong+%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5Ed+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D_%7Bp_j%5E%7Bbij%7D%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sum_{i=1}^t &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_j^{aij}} &#92;cong G(p_j) &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_j^{bij}}' title='&#92;sum_{i=1}^t &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_j^{aij}} &#92;cong G(p_j) &#92;cong &#92;sum_{i=1}^d &#92;mathbb{Z}_{p_j^{bij}}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Men således må der være præcis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=t&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='t' title='t' class='latex' /> summander (forskellige fra nul) i begge summeringerne. Dermed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=t+%5Cle+d&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='t &#92;le d' title='t &#92;le d' class='latex' />. Et symmetrisk argument kan gives som giver <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d%3Dt&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d=t' title='d=t' class='latex' />, og vi kan nu bruge (2) til at vise, at de to dekompositioner må være ens.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m_i' title='m_i' class='latex' />&#8216;erne i denne fremstilling kaldes for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />&#8216;s invariante faktorer.</p>
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		<title>Algebra1 &#8211; Frie abelske grupper</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/algebra1-frie-abelske-grupper/</link>
		<comments>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/03/11/algebra1-frie-abelske-grupper/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 11 Mar 2011 21:56:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[abelsk gruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[endeligt frembragt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fri abelsk gruppe]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/?p=713</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vi skal kigge på frembragte abelske grupper. Husk at betegner gruppen frembragt af mængden , hvis er en delmængde af en gruppe . Hvis er en abelsk gruppe med kaldes en basis for hvis følgende to betingelser er opfyldt: Husk at vi bruger abelsk notation. Med normal notation ville det svare til Sætning: Følgende betingelser [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=713&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Vi skal kigge på frembragte abelske grupper. Husk at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+X+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;langle X &#92;rangle' title='&#92;langle X &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> betegner gruppen frembragt af mængden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=X&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' />, hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=X&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> er en delmængde af en gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> er en abelsk gruppe med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=X%5Csubseteq+F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='X&#92;subseteq F' title='X&#92;subseteq F' class='latex' /> kaldes <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=X&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='X' title='X' class='latex' /> en basis for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> hvis følgende to betingelser er opfyldt:</p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+X+%5Crangle+%3D+F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;langle X &#92;rangle = F' title='&#92;langle X &#92;rangle = F' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_1x_1+%2B+k_2x_2+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+k_nx_n+%3D+0+%5CLongrightarrow+k_1+%3D+k_2+%3D+%5Cldots+%3D+k_n+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_1x_1 + k_2x_2 + &#92;ldots + k_nx_n = 0 &#92;Longrightarrow k_1 = k_2 = &#92;ldots = k_n = 0' title='k_1x_1 + k_2x_2 + &#92;ldots + k_nx_n = 0 &#92;Longrightarrow k_1 = k_2 = &#92;ldots = k_n = 0' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p>Husk at vi bruger abelsk notation. Med normal notation ville det svare til <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_1%5E%7Bk_1%7D%5Ccdots+x_n%5E%7Bk_n%7D+%3D+e+%5CLongrightarrow+k_i+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x_1^{k_1}&#92;cdots x_n^{k_n} = e &#92;Longrightarrow k_i = 0' title='x_1^{k_1}&#92;cdots x_n^{k_n} = e &#92;Longrightarrow k_i = 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Sætning</strong>: Følgende betingelser er ækvivalente:</p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> har en basis bestående af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> elementer.</li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> er indre direkte produkt af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> uendelige cykliske grupper</li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5En&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}^n' title='F&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}^n' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> (1=&gt;2) det er klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+x_1+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;langle x_1 &#92;rangle' title='&#92;langle x_1 &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> er uendelig, da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_1x_1+%3D+0+%5CLongrightarrow+k_1%3D0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_1x_1 = 0 &#92;Longrightarrow k_1=0' title='k_1x_1 = 0 &#92;Longrightarrow k_1=0' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Hvis vi nu har en <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z+%5Cin+%5Clangle+x_i+%5Crangle+%5Ccap+%28%5Clangle+x_1+%5Crangle+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+%5Clangle+x_%7Bi-1%7D+%5Crangle+%2B+%5Clangle+x_%7Bi%2B1%7D+%5Crangle+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+%5Clangle+x_n+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='z &#92;in &#92;langle x_i &#92;rangle &#92;cap (&#92;langle x_1 &#92;rangle + &#92;ldots + &#92;langle x_{i-1} &#92;rangle + &#92;langle x_{i+1} &#92;rangle + &#92;ldots + &#92;langle x_n &#92;rangle' title='z &#92;in &#92;langle x_i &#92;rangle &#92;cap (&#92;langle x_1 &#92;rangle + &#92;ldots + &#92;langle x_{i-1} &#92;rangle + &#92;langle x_{i+1} &#92;rangle + &#92;ldots + &#92;langle x_n &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> da har vi, at der findes <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_j' title='k_j' class='latex' />&#8216;er så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z+%3D+%5Csum_%7Bj%5Cne+i%7D+k_jx_j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='z = &#92;sum_{j&#92;ne i} k_jx_j' title='z = &#92;sum_{j&#92;ne i} k_jx_j' class='latex' /> men dermed må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_ix_i+%2B+%5Csum_%7Bj%5Cne+i%7D+%28-k_j%29x_j+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_ix_i + &#92;sum_{j&#92;ne i} (-k_j)x_j = 0' title='k_ix_i + &#92;sum_{j&#92;ne i} (-k_j)x_j = 0' class='latex' /> hvilket betyder at alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k' title='k' class='latex' />&#8216;erne (og dermed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=z&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='z' title='z' class='latex' />) er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='0' title='0' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>(2) =&gt; (3) Alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+x_i+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;langle x_i &#92;rangle' title='&#92;langle x_i &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> er uendeligt cyklisk og dermed isomorf med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;mathbb{Z}' title='&#92;mathbb{Z}' class='latex' /></p>
<p>(3) =&gt; (2) Lad os kigge på en isomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5En+%5Cto+F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : &#92;mathbb{Z}^n &#92;to F' title='f : &#92;mathbb{Z}^n &#92;to F' class='latex' />. Sæt da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_i+%3D+f%280%2C%5Cldots%2C+1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+0%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x_i = f(0,&#92;ldots, 1, &#92;ldots, 0)' title='x_i = f(0,&#92;ldots, 1, &#92;ldots, 0)' class='latex' /> hvor 1&#8242;tallet er på den i&#8217;te plads. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi har vi, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28k_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+k_n%29+%3D+%5Csum_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+k_ix_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(k_1, &#92;ldots, k_n) = &#92;sum_{i=1}^n k_ix_i' title='f(k_1, &#92;ldots, k_n) = &#92;sum_{i=1}^n k_ix_i' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi ser at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F+%3D+%5Clangle+x_i%2C+%5Cldots%2C+x_n+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F = &#92;langle x_i, &#92;ldots, x_n &#92;rangle' title='F = &#92;langle x_i, &#92;ldots, x_n &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> (da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er surjektiv). Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er injektiv har vi at kernen er triviel og dermed må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28k_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ck_n%29+%3D+0+%5CLongrightarrow+k_1%3D%5Cldots+%3D+k_n+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(k_1,&#92;ldots,k_n) = 0 &#92;Longrightarrow k_1=&#92;ldots = k_n = 0' title='f(k_1,&#92;ldots,k_n) = 0 &#92;Longrightarrow k_1=&#92;ldots = k_n = 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">En gruppe der opfylder disse betingelser kaldes en endeligt frembragt fri abelsk gruppe eller en fri abelsk gruppe af rang <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> Alle baser for den samme fri abelske gruppe har samme kardinalitet.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Vi har at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5En&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}^n' title='F&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}^n' class='latex' />. Observer at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2F+%3D+%5C%7B2z+%7C+z%5Cin+F%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2F = &#92;{2z | z&#92;in F&#92;}' title='2F = &#92;{2z | z&#92;in F&#92;}' class='latex' /> er en normal undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' />. Vi har at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2F+%5Ccong+%282%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%29%5En&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2F &#92;cong (2&#92;mathbb{Z})^n' title='2F &#92;cong (2&#92;mathbb{Z})^n' class='latex' /> og vi kan betragte kvotientgruppen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F%2F2F%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5En%2F%282%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%29%5En+%5Ccong+%28%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%2F2%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%29%5En&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F/2F&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}^n/(2&#92;mathbb{Z})^n &#92;cong (&#92;mathbb{Z}/2&#92;mathbb{Z})^n' title='F/2F&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}^n/(2&#92;mathbb{Z})^n &#92;cong (&#92;mathbb{Z}/2&#92;mathbb{Z})^n' class='latex' />. Vi kan således se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CF%2F2F%7C+%3D+2%5En&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|F/2F| = 2^n' title='|F/2F| = 2^n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Gøres det samme for en basis med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> elementer fås det samme resultat hvormed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3D+m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n = m' title='n = m' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> To frie abelske grupper er isomorfe hvis og kun hvis de har samme rang <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Hvis de har samme rang har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F_1+%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5En+%5Ccong+F_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F_1 &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}^n &#92;cong F_2' title='F_1 &#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}^n &#92;cong F_2' class='latex' />. Klart isomorfe.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Hvis vi har en isomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+F_1%5Cto+F_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : F_1&#92;to F_2' title='f : F_1&#92;to F_2' class='latex' /> og en basis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bx_1%2C%5Cldots%2C+x_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{x_1,&#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{x_1,&#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F_1' title='F_1' class='latex' />. Sæt da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y_i+%3D+f%28x_i%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='y_i = f(x_i)' title='y_i = f(x_i)' class='latex' />. Da ses det, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=y_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='y_i' title='y_i' class='latex' />&#8216;erne klart udgør en basis for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F_2' title='F_2' class='latex' /> (da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er en isomorfi) og de to grupper har samme rang.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> være en endeligt frembragt abelsk gruppe (bemærk: ikke fri abelsk). Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> et homomorft billede af en fri abelsk gruppe af endelig rang.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Se på afbildningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D%5En+%5Cto+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : &#92;mathbb{Z}^n &#92;to G' title='f : &#92;mathbb{Z}^n &#92;to G' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28k_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ck_n%29%5Cmapsto+k_1x_1+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+k_nx_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(k_1,&#92;ldots,k_n)&#92;mapsto k_1x_1 + &#92;ldots + k_nx_n' title='(k_1,&#92;ldots,k_n)&#92;mapsto k_1x_1 + &#92;ldots + k_nx_n' class='latex' />, hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bx_1%2C+ldots%2C+x_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{x_1, ldots, x_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{x_1, ldots, x_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> frembringer <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Lemma:</strong> Hvis vi har en basis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bx_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+x_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{x_1, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{x_1, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> for en fri abelsk gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' />. Da er følgende også en basis: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bx_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+x_%7Bj-1%7D%2C+x_j+%2B+ax_i%2C+x_%7Bj%2B1%7D%2C+%5Cldots%2C+x_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{x_1, &#92;ldots, x_{j-1}, x_j + ax_i, x_{j+1}, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{x_1, &#92;ldots, x_{j-1}, x_j + ax_i, x_{j+1}, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> (hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}' title='a&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i%5Cne+j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i&#92;ne j' title='i&#92;ne j' class='latex' />)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_j+%3D+-ax_i+%2B+%28x_j+%2B+ax_i%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x_j = -ax_i + (x_j + ax_i)' title='x_j = -ax_i + (x_j + ax_i)' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_j%5Cin+%5C%7Bx_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+x_j+%2B+ax_i%2C+%5Cldots%2C+x_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x_j&#92;in &#92;{x_1, &#92;ldots, x_j + ax_i, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' title='x_j&#92;in &#92;{x_1, &#92;ldots, x_j + ax_i, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' class='latex' />. Da alle de andre elementer af basen også klart er i den, må den frembringe hele <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Hvis vi har <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_1x_1+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+k_j%28x_j+%2B+ax_i%29+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+x_n+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_1x_1 + &#92;ldots + k_j(x_j + ax_i) + &#92;ldots + x_n = 0' title='k_1x_1 + &#92;ldots + k_j(x_j + ax_i) + &#92;ldots + x_n = 0' class='latex' /> kan vi se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_ix_i+%2B+k_j%28x_j%2Bax_i%29+%3D+%28k_i+%2B+ak_j%29x_i+%2B+k_jx_j+%5CLongrightarrow+k_i+%3D+k_j+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_ix_i + k_j(x_j+ax_i) = (k_i + ak_j)x_i + k_jx_j &#92;Longrightarrow k_i = k_j = 0' title='k_ix_i + k_j(x_j+ax_i) = (k_i + ak_j)x_i + k_jx_j &#92;Longrightarrow k_i = k_j = 0' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> være en fri abelsk gruppe af rang <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> og lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G+%3C+F%2C+G%5Cne+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G &lt; F, G&#92;ne 0' title='G &lt; F, G&#92;ne 0' class='latex' />. Da findes en basis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bx_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+x_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{x_1, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{x_1, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> samt naturlige tal <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r%2C+d_1%2C+%5Cldots+d_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r, d_1, &#92;ldots d_r' title='r, d_1, &#92;ldots d_r' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d_1+%7C+d_2+%7C+%5Ccdots+%7C+d_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d_1 | d_2 | &#92;cdots | d_r' title='d_1 | d_2 | &#92;cdots | d_r' class='latex' />, så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er fri abelsk med rang <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r' title='r' class='latex' /> og en basis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bd_1x_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+d_rx_r%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{d_1x_1, &#92;ldots, d_rx_r&#92;}' title='&#92;{d_1x_1, &#92;ldots, d_rx_r&#92;}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis: </strong>Vi vil benytte induktion efter <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3D1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n=1' title='n=1' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F%5Ccong+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}' title='F&#92;cong &#92;mathbb{Z}' class='latex' /> og det er nemt at se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+%5Clangle+d+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong &#92;langle d &#92;rangle' title='G&#92;cong &#92;langle d &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> for et <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BN%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}' title='d&#92;in &#92;mathbb{N}' class='latex' /> og dermed er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G+%3D+%5Clangle+dx_1+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G = &#92;langle dx_1 &#92;rangle' title='G = &#92;langle dx_1 &#92;rangle' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Antag nu, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n+%3E+1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n &gt; 1' title='n &gt; 1' class='latex' />, og antag at det gælder for frie abelske grupper af rang mindre end <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />. Vi skal nu betragte en særlig mængde, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' />:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> være mængden af alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=s%5Cin+%5Cmathbb%7BZ%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='s&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}' title='s&#92;in &#92;mathbb{Z}' class='latex' /> for hvilke der findes en basis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7By_1%2C+y_2%2C%5Cldots%2Cy_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{y_1, y_2,&#92;ldots,y_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{y_1, y_2,&#92;ldots,y_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> og et element <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;in G' title='g&#92;in G' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g+%3D+sy_1+%2B+k_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+k_ny_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g = sy_1 + k_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + k_ny_n' title='g = sy_1 + k_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + k_ny_n' class='latex' />. Bemærk at da er alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_i' title='k_i' class='latex' />&#8216;erne samt <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=-s%2C+-k_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='-s, -k_i' title='-s, -k_i' class='latex' /> også i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Cne+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;ne 0' title='G&#92;ne 0' class='latex' /> har vi også, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S%5Cne+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S&#92;ne 0' title='S&#92;ne 0' class='latex' /> og det giver mening at tale om det mindste positive tal, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d_1%5Cin+S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d_1&#92;in S' title='d_1&#92;in S' class='latex' />. Vi har nu at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g+%3D+d_1y_1+%2B+k_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+k_ny_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g = d_1y_1 + k_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + k_ny_n' title='g = d_1y_1 + k_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + k_ny_n' class='latex' /> for en basis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7By_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+y_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{y_1, &#92;ldots, y_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{y_1, &#92;ldots, y_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> samt heltal <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_i' title='k_i' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Sæt nu <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_i+%3D+d_1q_i+%2B+r_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_i = d_1q_i + r_i' title='k_i = d_1q_i + r_i' class='latex' /> med resten <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=0%5Cle+r_i+%3C+d_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='0&#92;le r_i &lt; d_1' title='0&#92;le r_i &lt; d_1' class='latex' />. Vi har da, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g+%3D+d_1%28y_1+%2B+q_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+q_nd_n%29+%2B+r_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+r_ny_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g = d_1(y_1 + q_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + q_nd_n) + r_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + r_ny_n' title='g = d_1(y_1 + q_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + q_nd_n) + r_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + r_ny_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Men hvis vi sætter <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x_1+%3D+y_1+%2B+q_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+%2B+q_nd_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x_1 = y_1 + q_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + q_nd_n' title='x_1 = y_1 + q_2y_2 + &#92;ldots + q_nd_n' class='latex' /> kan vi se ved at anvende ovenstående lemma en masse gange, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bx_1%2C+y_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+y_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{x_1, y_1, &#92;ldots, y_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{x_1, y_1, &#92;ldots, y_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> også er en basis for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d_1' title='d_1' class='latex' /> er det mindste element i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S' title='S' class='latex' /> må alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r_i+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r_i = 0' title='r_i = 0' class='latex' />. Altså er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g+%3D+d_1x_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g = d_1x_1' title='g = d_1x_1' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H+%3D+%5Clangle+y_2%2C+%5Cldots%2C+y_n+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H = &#92;langle y_2, &#92;ldots, y_n &#92;rangle' title='H = &#92;langle y_2, &#92;ldots, y_n &#92;rangle' class='latex' />. Det er klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> er en fri abelsk gruppe af rang <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n-1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n-1' title='n-1' class='latex' />. Vi påstår nu, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G+%3D+%5Clangle+d_1x_1+%5Crangle+%5Coplus+%28G+%5Ccap+H%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G = &#92;langle d_1x_1 &#92;rangle &#92;oplus (G &#92;cap H)' title='G = &#92;langle d_1x_1 &#92;rangle &#92;oplus (G &#92;cap H)' class='latex' />. Det er klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Clangle+d_1x_1+%5Crangle+%5Ccap+%28G+%5Ccap+H%29+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;langle d_1x_1 &#92;rangle &#92;cap (G &#92;cap H) = 0' title='&#92;langle d_1x_1 &#92;rangle &#92;cap (G &#92;cap H) = 0' class='latex' />. Lad os derfor kigge på et element <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='u&#92;in G' title='u&#92;in G' class='latex' />. Vi kan skrive dette som:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u+%3D+t_1x_1+%2B+t_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+t_ny_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='u = t_1x_1 + t_2y_2 + &#92;ldots t_ny_n' title='u = t_1x_1 + t_2y_2 + &#92;ldots t_ny_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Hvis vi sætter <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=t_1+%3D+d_1q_1%2Br_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='t_1 = d_1q_1+r_1' title='t_1 = d_1q_1+r_1' class='latex' /> får vi:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u+-+q_1g+%3D+u+-+q_1%28d_1x_1%29+%3D+r_1x_1+%2B+t_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+t_ny_n+%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='u - q_1g = u - q_1(d_1x_1) = r_1x_1 + t_2y_2 + &#92;ldots t_ny_n &#92;in G' title='u - q_1g = u - q_1(d_1x_1) = r_1x_1 + t_2y_2 + &#92;ldots t_ny_n &#92;in G' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r_1+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r_1 = 0' title='r_1 = 0' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=t_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+t_ny_n%5Cin+G%5Ccap+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='t_2y_2 + &#92;ldots t_ny_n&#92;in G&#92;cap H' title='t_2y_2 + &#92;ldots t_ny_n&#92;in G&#92;cap H' class='latex' /> får vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=u+%3D+q_1g+%2B+t_2y_2+%2B+%5Cldots+t_ny_n%5Cin+%5Clangle+d_1x_1+%5Crangle+%5Coplus+%28G+%5Ccap+H%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='u = q_1g + t_2y_2 + &#92;ldots t_ny_n&#92;in &#92;langle d_1x_1 &#92;rangle &#92;oplus (G &#92;cap H)' title='u = q_1g + t_2y_2 + &#92;ldots t_ny_n&#92;in &#92;langle d_1x_1 &#92;rangle &#92;oplus (G &#92;cap H)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Der er nu to muligheder. Enten er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccap+H+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cap H = 0' title='G&#92;cap H = 0' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G+%3D+%5Clangle+d_1x_1+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G = &#92;langle d_1x_1 &#92;rangle' title='G = &#92;langle d_1x_1 &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> &#8211; vi er færdige</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Eller <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccap+H+%5Cne+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cap H &#92;ne 0' title='G&#92;cap H &#92;ne 0' class='latex' /> i hvilket tilfælde induktionsantagelsen hugger til og vi har en basis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bd_2x_2%2C+%5Cldots%2C+d_nx_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{d_2x_2, &#92;ldots, d_nx_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{d_2x_2, &#92;ldots, d_nx_n&#92;}' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi skal nu blot vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d_1+%7C+d_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d_1 | d_2' title='d_1 | d_2' class='latex' />. Skriv nu <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d_2+%3D+d_1q_2+%2B+r_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d_2 = d_1q_2 + r_2' title='d_2 = d_1q_2 + r_2' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=0%5Cle+r_2+%3C+d_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='0&#92;le r_2 &lt; d_1' title='0&#92;le r_2 &lt; d_1' class='latex' />. Da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bx_2%2C+x_1+%2B+qx_2%2C+%5Cldots%2C+x_n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{x_2, x_1 + qx_2, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' title='&#92;{x_2, x_1 + qx_2, &#92;ldots, x_n&#92;}' class='latex' /> er en basis for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' />, men da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r_2x_2+%2B+d_1%28x_1+%2B+q_2x_2%29+%3D+d_1x_1+%2B+d_2x_2%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r_2x_2 + d_1(x_1 + q_2x_2) = d_1x_1 + d_2x_2&#92;in G' title='r_2x_2 + d_1(x_1 + q_2x_2) = d_1x_1 + d_2x_2&#92;in G' class='latex' /> får vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r_2+%3D+0&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r_2 = 0' title='r_2 = 0' class='latex' /> grundet <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=d_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='d_1' title='d_1' class='latex' />&#8216;s minimalitet.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er en endeligt frembragt abelsk gruppe, frembragt af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> elementer, da kan enhver undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> frembringes af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> eller færre elementer.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Vi ser, at der er en epimorfi fra <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F%5Cto+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F&#92;to G' title='F&#92;to G' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=F&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='F' title='F' class='latex' /> er en fri abelsk gruppe af rang <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />. Vi kan nu anvende forrige sætning på undergruppen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5E%7B-1%7D%28H%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f^{-1}(H)' title='f^{-1}(H)' class='latex' />. Denne er en fri abelsk gruppe af rang <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m+%5Cle+n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m &#92;le n' title='m &#92;le n' class='latex' />. Det samme gælder da for billedet <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28f%5E%7B-1%7D%28H%29%29+%3D+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(f^{-1}(H)) = H' title='f(f^{-1}(H)) = H' class='latex' /> (da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er surjektiv).</p>
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		<title>Algebra1 &#8211; Direkte produkt</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/02/28/algebra1-direkte-produkt/</link>
		<comments>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/02/28/algebra1-direkte-produkt/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Feb 2011 14:53:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[direkte produkt]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kanonisk injektion]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/?p=707</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vi har tidligere talt om direkte produkt af to grupper, så det er blot naturligt at udvide begrebet til grupper . Kompositionen bliver således . Det er nemt at se at dette er en gruppe med neutral element og invers . Det direkte produkt betegnes . Hvis alle grupperne er identiske skrives også . Hvis [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=707&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Vi har tidligere talt om direkte produkt af to grupper, så det er blot naturligt at udvide begrebet til <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' /> grupper <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_1%5Ctimes+%5Ccdots+%5Ctimes+G_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_1&#92;times &#92;cdots &#92;times G_n' title='G_1&#92;times &#92;cdots &#92;times G_n' class='latex' />. Kompositionen bliver således <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+a_n%29%5Ccdot+%28b_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+b_n%29+%3D+%28a_1%5Ccdot+b_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+a_n+%5Ccdot+b_n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1, &#92;ldots, a_n)&#92;cdot (b_1, &#92;ldots, b_n) = (a_1&#92;cdot b_1, &#92;ldots, a_n &#92;cdot b_n)' title='(a_1, &#92;ldots, a_n)&#92;cdot (b_1, &#92;ldots, b_n) = (a_1&#92;cdot b_1, &#92;ldots, a_n &#92;cdot b_n)' class='latex' />. Det er nemt at se at dette er en gruppe med neutral element <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28e_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+e_n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(e_1, &#92;ldots, e_n)' title='(e_1, &#92;ldots, e_n)' class='latex' /> og invers <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ca_n%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+%28a_1%5E%7B-1%7D%2C%5Cldots%2C+a_n%5E%7B-1%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n)^{-1} = (a_1^{-1},&#92;ldots, a_n^{-1})' title='(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n)^{-1} = (a_1^{-1},&#92;ldots, a_n^{-1})' class='latex' />. Det direkte produkt betegnes <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+G_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' title='&#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' class='latex' />. Hvis alle grupperne er identiske skrives også <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5En&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G^n' title='G^n' class='latex' />. Hvis alle grupperne er abelsk bliver det direkte produkt også abelsk.</p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_1%2C%5Cldots%2C+G_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_1,&#92;ldots, G_n' title='G_1,&#92;ldots, G_n' class='latex' /> være grupper. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' /> være en gruppe og lad der for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i%3D1..n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i=1..n' title='i=1..n' class='latex' /> være en homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_i+%3A+H+%5Cto+G_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_i : H &#92;to G_i' title='f_i : H &#92;to G_i' class='latex' />. Der findes nu en entydig homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+H+%5Cto+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+G_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : H &#92;to &#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' title='f : H &#92;to &#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' class='latex' /> således, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi_i%5Ccirc+f+%3D+f_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi_i&#92;circ f = f_i' title='&#92;pi_i&#92;circ f = f_i' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Sæt <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28h%29+%5Cmapsto+%28f_1%28h%29%2C+%5Cldots%2C+f_n%28h%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(h) &#92;mapsto (f_1(h), &#92;ldots, f_n(h)' title='f(h) &#92;mapsto (f_1(h), &#92;ldots, f_n(h)' class='latex' />. Husk at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi_i' title='&#92;pi_i' class='latex' /> er den kanoniske projektion.</p>
<p><strong>Definition:</strong> Ligesom vi har den kanoniske projektion <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi_i' title='&#92;pi_i' class='latex' /> har vi også kanoniske injektioner <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ciota_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;iota_i' title='&#92;iota_i' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ciota_i%28a%29+%3D+%28e_1%2C%5Cldots%2C+a%2C+%5Cldots%2C+e_n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;iota_i(a) = (e_1,&#92;ldots, a, &#92;ldots, e_n)' title='&#92;iota_i(a) = (e_1,&#92;ldots, a, &#92;ldots, e_n)' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a' title='a' class='latex' /> står på den i&#8217;te plads. Det ses klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ciota_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;iota_i' title='&#92;iota_i' class='latex' /> er injektiv og at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ciota_i%28G_i%29+%5Cvartriangleleft+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+G_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;iota_i(G_i) &#92;vartriangleleft &#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' title='&#92;iota_i(G_i) &#92;vartriangleleft &#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' class='latex' /> (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Ciota_i%28G_i%29a%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+%28a_1e_1a_1%5E%7B-1%7D%2C+%5Cldots%2C+a_i%5Cin+G_i%2C+%5Cldots%2C+a_ne_na_n%5E%7B-1%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;iota_i(G_i)a^{-1} = (a_1e_1a_1^{-1}, &#92;ldots, a_i&#92;in G_i, &#92;ldots, a_ne_na_n^{-1})' title='a&#92;iota_i(G_i)a^{-1} = (a_1e_1a_1^{-1}, &#92;ldots, a_i&#92;in G_i, &#92;ldots, a_ne_na_n^{-1})' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_1%2C%5Cldots%2CA_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_1,&#92;ldots,A_n' title='A_1,&#92;ldots,A_n' class='latex' /> være abelske grupper og lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=B&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='B' title='B' class='latex' /> være en abelsk gruppe. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_i%3A+A_i%5Cto+B&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_i: A_i&#92;to B' title='f_i: A_i&#92;to B' class='latex' /> være homomorfier. Da findes en entydig homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+A_i%5Cto+B&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f:&#92;prod_{i=1}^n A_i&#92;to B' title='f:&#92;prod_{i=1}^n A_i&#92;to B' class='latex' /> Så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5Ccirc+%5Ciota_i+%3D+f_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f&#92;circ &#92;iota_i = f_i' title='f&#92;circ &#92;iota_i = f_i' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er nødt til at være <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ca_n%29%5Cmapsto+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+f_i%28a_i%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n)&#92;mapsto &#92;prod_{i=1}^n f_i(a_i)' title='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n)&#92;mapsto &#92;prod_{i=1}^n f_i(a_i)' class='latex' />. Brug dernæst, at grupperne er abelsk til at vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a_1%2C%5Cldots%2C+a_n%29+f%28b_1%2C+%5Cldots%2C+b_n%29+%3D+f%28a_1b_1%2C%5Cldots%2C+a_nb_n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a_1,&#92;ldots, a_n) f(b_1, &#92;ldots, b_n) = f(a_1b_1,&#92;ldots, a_nb_n)' title='f(a_1,&#92;ldots, a_n) f(b_1, &#92;ldots, b_n) = f(a_1b_1,&#92;ldots, a_nb_n)' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_1%2C%5Cldots%2C+N_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_1,&#92;ldots, N_n' title='N_1,&#92;ldots, N_n' class='latex' /> være normale undergrupper af en gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />, hvor følgende gælder: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G+%3D+N_1%5Ccdots+N_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G = N_1&#92;cdots N_n' title='G = N_1&#92;cdots N_n' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_i%5Ccap+%28N_1%5Ccdots+N_%7Bi-1%7DN_%7Bi%2B1%7D%5Ccdots+N_n%29+%3D+%5C%7Be%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_i&#92;cap (N_1&#92;cdots N_{i-1}N_{i+1}&#92;cdots N_n) = &#92;{e&#92;}' title='N_i&#92;cap (N_1&#92;cdots N_{i-1}N_{i+1}&#92;cdots N_n) = &#92;{e&#92;}' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i%3D1..n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i=1..n' title='i=1..n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%5Ccong+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+N_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G&#92;cong &#92;prod_{i=1}^n N_i' title='G&#92;cong &#92;prod_{i=1}^n N_i' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Kig på afbildningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+N_i+%5Cto+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f:&#92;prod_{i=1}^n N_i &#92;to G' title='f:&#92;prod_{i=1}^n N_i &#92;to G' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ca_n%29%5Cmapsto+a_1%5Ccdots+a_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n)&#92;mapsto a_1&#92;cdots a_n' title='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n)&#92;mapsto a_1&#92;cdots a_n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G+%3D+N_1%5Ccdots+N_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G = N_1&#92;cdots N_n' title='G = N_1&#92;cdots N_n' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> klart er surjektiv.</p>
<p>Lad os kigge på hvorvidt <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi: Observer først, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ab+%3D+ba&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='ab = ba' title='ab = ba' class='latex' /> for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+N_i%2C+b%5Cin+N_j%2C+i%5Cne+j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in N_i, b&#92;in N_j, i&#92;ne j' title='a&#92;in N_i, b&#92;in N_j, i&#92;ne j' class='latex' />. Bevis: kig på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28ab%29%28ba%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+aba%5E%7B-1%7Db%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(ab)(ba)^{-1} = aba^{-1}b^{-1}' title='(ab)(ba)^{-1} = aba^{-1}b^{-1}' class='latex' /> Vi har grundet normalitet, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28aba%5E%7B-1%7D%29b%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+N_j&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(aba^{-1})b^{-1}&#92;in N_j' title='(aba^{-1})b^{-1}&#92;in N_j' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%28ba%5E%7B-1%7Db%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5Cin+N_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a(ba^{-1}b^{-1})&#92;in N_i' title='a(ba^{-1}b^{-1})&#92;in N_i' class='latex' /> Men da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_i%5Ccap+N_j+%3D+%5C%7Be%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_i&#92;cap N_j = &#92;{e&#92;}' title='N_i&#92;cap N_j = &#92;{e&#92;}' class='latex' /> må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28ab%29%28ba%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(ab)(ba)^{-1} = e' title='(ab)(ba)^{-1} = e' class='latex' /> Dermed har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ab%3Dba&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='ab=ba' title='ab=ba' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>Vi kan bruge dette til at vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1%5Ccdots+a_n%29%5Ccdot%28b_1%5Ccdots+b_n%29+%3D+a_1%5Ccdots+a_%7Bn-1%7D+%5Ccdot+b_1+%5Ccdot+a_n%5Ccdot+b_2+%5Ccdots+b_n+%3D+%28a_1b_1%29%5Ccdots+%28a_nb_n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1&#92;cdots a_n)&#92;cdot(b_1&#92;cdots b_n) = a_1&#92;cdots a_{n-1} &#92;cdot b_1 &#92;cdot a_n&#92;cdot b_2 &#92;cdots b_n = (a_1b_1)&#92;cdots (a_nb_n)' title='(a_1&#92;cdots a_n)&#92;cdot(b_1&#92;cdots b_n) = a_1&#92;cdots a_{n-1} &#92;cdot b_1 &#92;cdot a_n&#92;cdot b_2 &#92;cdots b_n = (a_1b_1)&#92;cdots (a_nb_n)' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Injektiv: Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ca_n%29%5Cin+%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n)&#92;in &#92;ker f' title='(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n)&#92;in &#92;ker f' class='latex' /> da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+a_2%5Ccdots+a_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1^{-1} = a_2&#92;cdots a_n' title='a_1^{-1} = a_2&#92;cdots a_n' class='latex' />. Vi får derfor, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1+%3D+e+%3D+a_2%5Ccdots+a_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1 = e = a_2&#92;cdots a_n' title='a_1 = e = a_2&#92;cdots a_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Vi siger, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er det indre direkte produkt af grupperne <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_1%2C%5Cldots%2C+N_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_1,&#92;ldots, N_n' title='N_1,&#92;ldots, N_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_i%2C+H_i%2C+i%3D1..n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_i, H_i, i=1..n' title='G_i, H_i, i=1..n' class='latex' /> grupper. med homomorfier <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_i+%3A+G_i%5Cto+H_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_i : G_i&#92;to H_i' title='f_i : G_i&#92;to H_i' class='latex' />. Da er afbildningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3D+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+f_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f = &#92;prod_{i=1}^n f_i' title='f = &#92;prod_{i=1}^n f_i' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ca_n%29+%3D+%28f_1%28a_1%29%2C%5Cldots%2Cf_n%28a_n%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n) = (f_1(a_1),&#92;ldots,f_n(a_n))' title='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n) = (f_1(a_1),&#92;ldots,f_n(a_n))' class='latex' /> en homomorfi med</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+f+%3D+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+%5Cker+f_i+%3C+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+G_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker f = &#92;prod_{i=1}^n &#92;ker f_i &lt; &#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' title='&#92;ker f = &#92;prod_{i=1}^n &#92;ker f_i &lt; &#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctext%7BIm%7D+f+%3D+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+%5Ctext%7BIm%7D+f_i+%3C+%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+H_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;text{Im} f = &#92;prod_{i=1}^n &#92;text{Im} f_i &lt; &#92;prod_{i=1}^n H_i' title='&#92;text{Im} f = &#92;prod_{i=1}^n &#92;text{Im} f_i &lt; &#92;prod_{i=1}^n H_i' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Det er klart, at hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ca_n%29+%3D+%28f_1%28a_1%29%2C%5Cldots%2C+f_n%28a_n%29%29+%3D+%28e_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ce_n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n) = (f_1(a_1),&#92;ldots, f_n(a_n)) = (e_1,&#92;ldots,e_n)' title='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n) = (f_1(a_1),&#92;ldots, f_n(a_n)) = (e_1,&#92;ldots,e_n)' class='latex' /> må vi have, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_i%28a_i%29+%3D+e_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_i(a_i) = e_i' title='f_i(a_i) = e_i' class='latex' />, altså alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_i%5Cin+%5Cker+f_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_i&#92;in &#92;ker f_i' title='a_i&#92;in &#92;ker f_i' class='latex' />. Det er ligeledes klart, at billedet er det direkte produkt af billederne.</p>
<p>For at se, at kernen hhv. billedet er undergrupper skal vi blot vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi. Dette følger af at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_i' title='f_i' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi, så</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ca_n%29+%5Ccdot+f%28b_1%2C%5Cldots%2C+b_n%29+%3D+%28f_1%28a_1%29%2C%5Cldots%2Cf_n%28a_n%29%29%5Ccdot+%28f_1%28b_1%29%2C%5Cldots%2Cf_n%28b_n%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n) &#92;cdot f(b_1,&#92;ldots, b_n) = (f_1(a_1),&#92;ldots,f_n(a_n))&#92;cdot (f_1(b_1),&#92;ldots,f_n(b_n))' title='f(a_1,&#92;ldots,a_n) &#92;cdot f(b_1,&#92;ldots, b_n) = (f_1(a_1),&#92;ldots,f_n(a_n))&#92;cdot (f_1(b_1),&#92;ldots,f_n(b_n))' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+%28f_1%28a_1%29f_1%28b_1%29%2C%5Cldots%2C+f_n%28a_n%29f_n%28b_n%29%29+%3D+%28f_1%28a_1b_1%29%2C%5Cldots%2Cf_n%28a_nb_n%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='= (f_1(a_1)f_1(b_1),&#92;ldots, f_n(a_n)f_n(b_n)) = (f_1(a_1b_1),&#92;ldots,f_n(a_nb_n))' title='= (f_1(a_1)f_1(b_1),&#92;ldots, f_n(a_n)f_n(b_n)) = (f_1(a_1b_1),&#92;ldots,f_n(a_nb_n))' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%3D+f%28a_1b_1%2C%5Cldots%2Ca_nb_n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='= f(a_1b_1,&#92;ldots,a_nb_n)' title='= f(a_1b_1,&#92;ldots,a_nb_n)' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Korollar:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N_i+%5Cvartriangleleft+G_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N_i &#92;vartriangleleft G_i' title='N_i &#92;vartriangleleft G_i' class='latex' /> være en gruppe med en normalundergruppe for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i+%3D+1..n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i = 1..n' title='i = 1..n' class='latex' /></p>
<p>Da gælder, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+N_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;prod_{i=1}^n N_i' title='&#92;prod_{i=1}^n N_i' class='latex' /> er normal i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cprod_%7Bi%3D1%7D%5En+G_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' title='&#92;prod_{i=1}^n G_i' class='latex' /> og kvotientgruppen er isomorf med det direkte produkt af alle kvotientgrupperne <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_i%2FN_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_i/N_i' title='G_i/N_i' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Specialiser forrige sætning med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G_i+%3D+G_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G_i = G_i' title='G_i = G_i' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H_i+%3D+G_i%2FN_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H_i = G_i/N_i' title='H_i = G_i/N_i' class='latex' /> og lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f_i+%3D+%5Cpi_i+%3A+G_i%5Cto+G_i%2FN_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f_i = &#92;pi_i : G_i&#92;to G_i/N_i' title='f_i = &#92;pi_i : G_i&#92;to G_i/N_i' class='latex' />.</p>
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		<title>Algebra1 &#8211; Symmetriske, alternerende og diedergrupper</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/02/23/algebra1-symmetriske-alternerende-og-diedergrupper/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 23 Feb 2011 22:04:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2-cykler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[3-cykler]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[alternerende gruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[diedergruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[permutation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[symmetrisk gruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[transposition]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/?p=698</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Vi skal nu kigge nærmere på symmetriske grupper. Notation: Først skal vi lige have defineret cykel-notationen. Lad være forskellige elementer af . Da er lig med permutationen, der sender of sender alle andre elementer over i sig selv. dette kaldes for en r-cykel. En 2-cykel kaldes en transposition. Eksempler: Det inverse af en permutation er [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=698&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Vi skal nu kigge nærmere på symmetriske grupper.</p>
<p><strong>Notation:</strong> Først skal vi lige have defineret cykel-notationen. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i_1%2Ci_2%2C%5Cldots%2Ci_r+%28r%5Cle+n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i_1,i_2,&#92;ldots,i_r (r&#92;le n)' title='i_1,i_2,&#92;ldots,i_r (r&#92;le n)' class='latex' /> være forskellige elementer af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=I_n+%3D+%5C%7B1%2C2%2C%5Cldots%2C+n%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='I_n = &#92;{1,2,&#92;ldots, n&#92;}' title='I_n = &#92;{1,2,&#92;ldots, n&#92;}' class='latex' />. Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28i_1+i_2+%5Ccdots+i_r%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(i_1 i_2 &#92;cdots i_r)' title='(i_1 i_2 &#92;cdots i_r)' class='latex' /> lig med permutationen, der sender <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=i_1%5Cmapsto+i_2%2C+i_2%5Cmapsto+i_3%2C%5Cldots%2C+i_%7Br-1%7D%5Cmapsto+i_r%2C+i_r%5Cmapsto+i_1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='i_1&#92;mapsto i_2, i_2&#92;mapsto i_3,&#92;ldots, i_{r-1}&#92;mapsto i_r, i_r&#92;mapsto i_1' title='i_1&#92;mapsto i_2, i_2&#92;mapsto i_3,&#92;ldots, i_{r-1}&#92;mapsto i_r, i_r&#92;mapsto i_1' class='latex' /> of sender alle andre elementer over i sig selv. dette kaldes for en r-cykel. En 2-cykel kaldes en transposition.</p>
<p><strong>Eksempler:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%5C%5C+3+%26+1+%26+2+%26+4+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D+%3D+%281+3+2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;&#92; 3 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 4 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 3 2)' title='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;&#92; 3 &amp; 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 4 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 3 2)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%5C%5C+2+%26+1+%26+4+%26+3+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D+%3D+%281+2%29%283+4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;&#92; 2 &amp; 1 &amp; 4 &amp; 3 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 2)(3 4)' title='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;&#92; 2 &amp; 1 &amp; 4 &amp; 3 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 2)(3 4)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%5C%5C+3+%26+1+%26+4+%26+2+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D%5Ccirc+%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+4+%5C%5C+1+%26+4+%26+3+%26+2+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D+%3D+%281+3+4+2%29%282+4%29+%3D+%281+3+4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;&#92; 3 &amp; 1 &amp; 4 &amp; 2 &#92;end{pmatrix}&#92;circ &#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;&#92; 1 &amp; 4 &amp; 3 &amp; 2 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 3 4 2)(2 4) = (1 3 4)' title='&#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;&#92; 3 &amp; 1 &amp; 4 &amp; 2 &#92;end{pmatrix}&#92;circ &#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; 4 &#92;&#92; 1 &amp; 4 &amp; 3 &amp; 2 &#92;end{pmatrix} = (1 3 4 2)(2 4) = (1 3 4)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Det inverse af en permutation <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28i_1+i_2+%5Ccdots+i_r%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(i_1 i_2 &#92;cdots i_r)' title='(i_1 i_2 &#92;cdots i_r)' class='latex' /> er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28i_r+i_%7Br-1%7D+%5Ccdots+i_1%29+%3D+%28i_1+i_r+%5Ccdots+i_2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(i_r i_{r-1} &#92;cdots i_1) = (i_1 i_r &#92;cdots i_2)' title='(i_r i_{r-1} &#92;cdots i_1) = (i_1 i_r &#92;cdots i_2)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Definition:</strong> Permutationerne <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_1%2C+%5Csigma_2%2C+%5Cldots%2C+%5Csigma_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_1, &#92;sigma_2, &#92;ldots, &#92;sigma_r' title='&#92;sigma_1, &#92;sigma_2, &#92;ldots, &#92;sigma_r' class='latex' /> siges at være disjunkte hvis ingen af dem flytter på det samme element. Dvs. for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=1%5Cle+i%5Cle+r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='1&#92;le i&#92;le r' title='1&#92;le i&#92;le r' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k%5Cin+I_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k&#92;in I_n' title='k&#92;in I_n' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_i%28k%29%5Cne+k%5CRightarrow+%5Csigma_j%28k%29+%3D+k%2C+%5Cforall+j%5Cne+i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_i(k)&#92;ne k&#92;Rightarrow &#92;sigma_j(k) = k, &#92;forall j&#92;ne i' title='&#92;sigma_i(k)&#92;ne k&#92;Rightarrow &#92;sigma_j(k) = k, &#92;forall j&#92;ne i' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Det er klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%5Ctau+%3D+%5Ctau+%5Csigma&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma &#92;tau = &#92;tau &#92;sigma' title='&#92;sigma &#92;tau = &#92;tau &#92;sigma' class='latex' /> hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%2C%5Ctau&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma,&#92;tau' title='&#92;sigma,&#92;tau' class='latex' /> er disjunkte.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> Hver ikke-identitet permutation i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_n' title='S_n' class='latex' /> er et unikt produkt (op til orden af faktorer) af disjunkte cykler, hver af længde mindst 2.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Udeladt. Kan evt. læses i bogen side 47</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar:</strong> ordenen af en permutation af LCM (least common multiple) af ordnerne for dens disjunkte cykler (forrige sætning)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%3D+%5Csigma_1%5Ccdots+%5Csigma_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma = &#92;sigma_1&#92;cdots &#92;sigma_r' title='&#92;sigma = &#92;sigma_1&#92;cdots &#92;sigma_r' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma_i' title='&#92;sigma_i' class='latex' /> er de disjunkte cykler. Da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5Em+%3D+%28%5Csigma_1%5Ccdots+%5Csigma_r%29%5Em&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^m = (&#92;sigma_1&#92;cdots &#92;sigma_r)^m' title='&#92;sigma^m = (&#92;sigma_1&#92;cdots &#92;sigma_r)^m' class='latex' />. Da disjunkte cykler kommuterer har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5Em+%3D+%5Csigma_1%5Em%5Ccdots+%5Csigma_r%5Em&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^m = &#92;sigma_1^m&#92;cdots &#92;sigma_r^m' title='&#92;sigma^m = &#92;sigma_1^m&#92;cdots &#92;sigma_r^m' class='latex' />. Yderligere har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5Em+%3D+e%5CLeftrightarrow+%5Csigma_1%5Em%5Ccdots%5Csigma_r%5Em+%3D+e+%5CLeftrightarrow+%5Csigma_i%5Em+%3D+e%2C+%5Cforall+%5Csigma_i&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^m = e&#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;sigma_1^m&#92;cdots&#92;sigma_r^m = e &#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;sigma_i^m = e, &#92;forall &#92;sigma_i' title='&#92;sigma^m = e&#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;sigma_1^m&#92;cdots&#92;sigma_r^m = e &#92;Leftrightarrow &#92;sigma_i^m = e, &#92;forall &#92;sigma_i' class='latex' />. Dvs. at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7C%5Csigma_i%7C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|&#92;sigma_i|' title='|&#92;sigma_i|' class='latex' /> går op i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=m&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='m' title='m' class='latex' /> og det følger let herfra.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar:</strong> Hver permutation i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_n' title='S_n' class='latex' /> kan skrives som produktet af transpositioner (ikke nødvendigvis disjunkte).</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Det er nok at vise, at enhver cykel kan skrives som produkt af transpositioner jf. forrige sætning. Dette er let: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28x_1%29+%3D+%28x_1+x_2%29%28x_1+x_2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(x_1) = (x_1 x_2)(x_1 x_2)' title='(x_1) = (x_1 x_2)(x_1 x_2)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28x_1%5Ccdots+x_r%29+%3D+%28x_1+x_r%29%28x_1+x_%7Br-1%7D%29%5Ccdots+%28x_1+x_2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(x_1&#92;cdots x_r) = (x_1 x_r)(x_1 x_{r-1})&#92;cdots (x_1 x_2)' title='(x_1&#92;cdots x_r) = (x_1 x_r)(x_1 x_{r-1})&#92;cdots (x_1 x_2)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Definition:</strong> En permutation <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5Cin+S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma&#92;in S_n' title='&#92;sigma&#92;in S_n' class='latex' /> siges at være lige hhv. ulige hvis den kan skrives som et produkt af et lige hhv. ulige antal transpositioner (dette er nærmere beskrevet i en af mine posts fra lineær algebra).</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> En permutation kan ikke være både lige og ulige. (Dette er kendt fra bl.a. linalg)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> For <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cge+2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;ge 2' title='n&#92;ge 2' class='latex' /> lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> være mængden af alle lige permutationer i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_n' title='S_n' class='latex' />. Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> en normal undergruppe i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_n' title='S_n' class='latex' /> med index 2 (og dermed orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7CA_n%7C+%3D+%7CS_n%7C%2F2+%3D+n%21%2F2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|A_n| = |S_n|/2 = n!/2' title='|A_n| = |S_n|/2 = n!/2' class='latex' />. Den er ydermere den eneste undergruppe med index 2.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Denne gruppe kaldes den alternerende gruppe af grad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n' title='n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Se på gruppen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=C+%3D+%5C%7B1%2C+-1%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='C = &#92;{1, -1&#92;}' title='C = &#92;{1, -1&#92;}' class='latex' /> med multiplikation. Denne svarer til fortegnet for en permutation. Kig på afbildningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A+S_n%5Cto+C&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f: S_n&#92;to C' title='f: S_n&#92;to C' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%5Cmapsto+%5Ctext%7Bsgn%7D+%5Csigma&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma &#92;mapsto &#92;text{sgn} &#92;sigma' title='&#92;sigma &#92;mapsto &#92;text{sgn} &#92;sigma' class='latex' />. Det er klart at denne er surjektiv, da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cge+2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;ge 2' title='n&#92;ge 2' class='latex' />. Da kernen tydeligvis er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> er en normal undergruppe i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_n' title='S_n' class='latex' />. Det er nemt at se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> har index 2. F.eks. ved at bruge første isomorfisætning.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">At <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> er den eneste gruppe af index 2 kan ses ud fra følgende. Antag at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%3CS_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H&lt;S_n' title='H&lt;S_n' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BS_n+%3A+H%5D+%3D+2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[S_n : H] = 2' title='[S_n : H] = 2' class='latex' />. Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+S_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in S_n' title='x&#92;in S_n' class='latex' />. Der er to tilfælde. Enten er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in H' title='x&#92;in H' class='latex' /> eller <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cnotin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;notin H' title='x&#92;notin H' class='latex' />. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in H' title='x&#92;in H' class='latex' /> er det klart at se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E2%5Cin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x^2&#92;in H' title='x^2&#92;in H' class='latex' />. Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cnotin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;notin H' title='x&#92;notin H' class='latex' /> har vi også at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E2%5Cin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x^2&#92;in H' title='x^2&#92;in H' class='latex' /> (Bevis: antag <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E2%5Cnotin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x^2&#92;notin H' title='x^2&#92;notin H' class='latex' /> dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5E2%5Cin+xH+%5CRightarrow+xh+%3D+x%5E2%2C+h%5Cin+H+%5CRightarrow+x%5Cin+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x^2&#92;in xH &#92;Rightarrow xh = x^2, h&#92;in H &#92;Rightarrow x&#92;in H' title='x^2&#92;in xH &#92;Rightarrow xh = x^2, h&#92;in H &#92;Rightarrow x&#92;in H' class='latex' />.)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Det betyder, at alle kvadrater er i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />. Bemærk, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a+b+c%29+%3D+%28a+c+b%29%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a b c) = (a c b)^2' title='(a b c) = (a c b)^2' class='latex' /> Det betyder, at alle 3-cykler er i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />. Et af de efterfølgende lemmaer giver nu, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n%5Csubseteq+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n&#92;subseteq H' title='A_n&#92;subseteq H' class='latex' />. Og da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%2CA_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H,A_n' title='H,A_n' class='latex' /> har samme index har de samme orden, og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n+%3D+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n = H' title='A_n = H' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Definition:</strong> En gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> siges at være simpel, hvis den ikke har nogle normale undergrupper.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">De eneste simple abelske grupper er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Z_p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='Z_p' title='Z_p' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=p&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='p' title='p' class='latex' /> er et primtal (øvelse)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> er simpel hvis og kun hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cne+4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;ne 4' title='n&#92;ne 4' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> For at give beviset for dette skal vi først se på to lemmaer:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Lemma:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r%2Cs&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r,s' title='r,s' class='latex' /> være forskellige elementer i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7B1%2C2%2C%5Cldots%2Cn%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{1,2,&#92;ldots,n&#92;}' title='&#92;{1,2,&#92;ldots,n&#92;}' class='latex' /> Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n%2C+n%5Cge+3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n, n&#92;ge 3' title='A_n, n&#92;ge 3' class='latex' /> genereret af 3-cyklerne <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7B%28rsk%29+%7C+1%5Cle+k%5Cle+n%2C+k%5Cne+r%2Cs%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{(rsk) | 1&#92;le k&#92;le n, k&#92;ne r,s&#92;}' title='&#92;{(rsk) | 1&#92;le k&#92;le n, k&#92;ne r,s&#92;}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Hvert element i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> er et produkt af termer <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28ab%29%28cd%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(ab)(cd)' title='(ab)(cd)' class='latex' /> eller <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28ab%29%28ac%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(ab)(ac)' title='(ab)(ac)' class='latex' /> (dette da elementet kan skrives som et produkt af et lige antal transpositioner). Vi har, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28ab%29%28cd%29+%3D+%28acb%29%28acd%29%5C%5C+%28ab%29%28ac%29+%3D+%28acb%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(ab)(cd) = (acb)(acd)&#92;&#92; (ab)(ac) = (acb)' title='(ab)(cd) = (acb)(acd)&#92;&#92; (ab)(ac) = (acb)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Dermed er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> genereret af mængden af alle 3-cykler. Disse kan skrives på formen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28rsa%29%2C+%28ras%29%2C+%28rab%29%2C+%28sab%29%2C+%28abc%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(rsa), (ras), (rab), (sab), (abc)' title='(rsa), (ras), (rab), (sab), (abc)' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb%2Cc%5Cne+r%2Cs&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a,b,c&#92;ne r,s' title='a,b,c&#92;ne r,s' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28ras%29+%3D+%28rsa%29%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(ras) = (rsa)^2' title='(ras) = (rsa)^2' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28rab%29+%3D+%28rsb%29%28ras%29+%3D+%28rsb%29%28rsa%29%5E2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(rab) = (rsb)(ras) = (rsb)(rsa)^2' title='(rab) = (rsb)(ras) = (rsb)(rsa)^2' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28sab%29+%3D+%28rbs%29%28rsa%29+%3D+%28rsb%29%5E2%28rsa%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(sab) = (rbs)(rsa) = (rsb)^2(rsa)' title='(sab) = (rbs)(rsa) = (rsb)^2(rsa)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28abc%29+%3D+%28ras%29%28rsc%29%28rbs%29%28rsa%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(abc) = (ras)(rsc)(rbs)(rsa)' title='(abc) = (ras)(rsc)(rbs)(rsa)' class='latex' /> har vi, at alle 3-cykler kan genereres fra <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7B%28rsk%29+%7C+1%5Cle+k%5Cle+n%2C+k%5Cne+r%2Cs%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{(rsk) | 1&#92;le k&#92;le n, k&#92;ne r,s&#92;}' title='&#92;{(rsk) | 1&#92;le k&#92;le n, k&#92;ne r,s&#92;}' class='latex' /> (Dette færdiggør også beviset for at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_n' title='A_n' class='latex' /> er den eneste gruppe med index 2)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Lemma: </strong>Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Cvartriangleleft+A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;vartriangleleft A_n' title='N&#92;vartriangleleft A_n' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> indeholder en 3-cykel, da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N+%3D+A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N = A_n' title='N = A_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28rsc%29%5Cin+N%5CRightarrow+%28rsk%29%5Cin+N%2C+%5Cforall+k%5Cin+%5C%7B1%2C2%2C%5Cldots%2Cn%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(rsc)&#92;in N&#92;Rightarrow (rsk)&#92;in N, &#92;forall k&#92;in &#92;{1,2,&#92;ldots,n&#92;}' title='(rsc)&#92;in N&#92;Rightarrow (rsk)&#92;in N, &#92;forall k&#92;in &#92;{1,2,&#92;ldots,n&#92;}' class='latex' /> fordi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28rsk%29+%3D+%28rs%29%28ck%29%28rsc%29%5E2%28ck%29%28rs%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(rsk) = (rs)(ck)(rsc)^2(ck)(rs)' title='(rsk) = (rs)(ck)(rsc)^2(ck)(rs)' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er normal har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28rs%29%28ck%29%28rsc%29%5E2%5B%28rs%29%28ck%29%5D%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(rs)(ck)(rsc)^2[(rs)(ck)]^{-1}&#92;in N' title='(rs)(ck)(rsc)^2[(rs)(ck)]^{-1}&#92;in N' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis for sætningen:</strong> Det er let at se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_2+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_2 = e' title='A_2 = e' class='latex' />, <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_3' title='A_3' class='latex' /> er den eneste gruppe af orden 3, og den har ingen normale undergrupper (den er cyklisk og 3 er et primtal). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four_group">Klein 4 gruppen</a> er en undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=A_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='A_4' title='A_4' class='latex' />. For <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%3E4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&gt;4' title='n&gt;4' class='latex' /> er idéen at tage en vilkårlig <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Cvartriangleleft+A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;vartriangleleft A_n' title='N&#92;vartriangleleft A_n' class='latex' /> og vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%3DA_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N=A_n' title='N=A_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Case 1:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> indeholder en 3-cykel. se ovenstående lemma.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Case 2:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> indeholder et element <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma' title='&#92;sigma' class='latex' /> som er produktet af disjunkte cykler, hvor mindst en har længde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r+%5Cge+4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r &#92;ge 4' title='r &#92;ge 4' class='latex' />, dvs <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%3D+%28a_1a_2%5Cldots+a_4%29%5Ctau&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma = (a_1a_2&#92;ldots a_4)&#92;tau' title='&#92;sigma = (a_1a_2&#92;ldots a_4)&#92;tau' class='latex' />. Vi kan da bruge normaliteten til at vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> indeholder en 3-cykel. Se på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cdelta%5Csigma%5Cdelta%5E%7B-1%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^{-1}(&#92;delta&#92;sigma&#92;delta^{-1})' title='&#92;sigma^{-1}(&#92;delta&#92;sigma&#92;delta^{-1})' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdelta+%3D+%28a_1a_2a_3%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;delta = (a_1a_2a_3)' title='&#92;delta = (a_1a_2a_3)' class='latex' /> og vis, at dette element må være <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1a_3a_r%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1a_3a_r)' title='(a_1a_3a_r)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Case 3:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> indeholder et element <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma' title='&#92;sigma' class='latex' /> som er et produkt af disjunkte cykler, hvoraf mindst to er 3-cykler <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%3D+%28a_1a_2a_3%29%28a_4a_5a_6%29%5Ctau&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma = (a_1a_2a_3)(a_4a_5a_6)&#92;tau' title='&#92;sigma = (a_1a_2a_3)(a_4a_5a_6)&#92;tau' class='latex' />. Kig på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cdelta%5Csigma%5Cdelta%5E%7B-1%7D%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^{-1}(&#92;delta&#92;sigma&#92;delta^{-1})' title='&#92;sigma^{-1}(&#92;delta&#92;sigma&#92;delta^{-1})' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdelta+%3D+%28a_1a_2a_4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;delta = (a_1a_2a_4)' title='&#92;delta = (a_1a_2a_4)' class='latex' /> og vis, at elementet har længde <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=r%5Cge+4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='r&#92;ge 4' title='r&#92;ge 4' class='latex' />. Dernæst brug case 2.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Case 4:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> indeholder et element <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma' title='&#92;sigma' class='latex' /> som blabla en 3-cykel og en masse 2-cykler. Dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%3D+%28a_1a_2a_3%29%5Ctau&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma = (a_1a_2a_3)&#92;tau' title='&#92;sigma = (a_1a_2a_3)&#92;tau' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctau&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;tau' title='&#92;tau' class='latex' /> er produktet af en masse 2-cykler. Da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5E2+%3D+%28a_1a_2a_3%5E2%5Ctau%5E2+%3D+%28a_1a_3a_2%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^2 = (a_1a_2a_3^2&#92;tau^2 = (a_1a_3a_2)' title='&#92;sigma^2 = (a_1a_2a_3^2&#92;tau^2 = (a_1a_3a_2)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%3DA_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N=A_n' title='N=A_n' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Case 5:</strong> <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> indeholder kun elementer, der er produkter af et lige antal disjunkte 2-cykler. Igen skal vi bruge normaliteten (og denne gang <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cge+5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;ge 5' title='n&#92;ge 5' class='latex' />) til at finde en 3-cykel i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' />:</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma+%3D+%28a_1a_2%29%28a_3a_4%29%5Ctau&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma = (a_1a_2)(a_3a_4)&#92;tau' title='&#92;sigma = (a_1a_2)(a_3a_4)&#92;tau' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdelta+%3D+%28a_1a_2a_3%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;delta = (a_1a_2a_3)' title='&#92;delta = (a_1a_2a_3)' class='latex' />. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csigma%5E%7B-1%7D%28%5Cdelta%5Csigma%5Cdelta%5E%7B-1%7D%29+%3D+%28a_1a_3%29%28a_2a_4%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;sigma^{-1}(&#92;delta&#92;sigma&#92;delta^{-1}) = (a_1a_3)(a_2a_4)' title='&#92;sigma^{-1}(&#92;delta&#92;sigma&#92;delta^{-1}) = (a_1a_3)(a_2a_4)' class='latex' /> (regn evt. selv efter). Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cge+5&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;ge 5' title='n&#92;ge 5' class='latex' /> må der være et <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b%5Cin+%5C%7B1%2C2%2C%5Cldots%2Cn%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b&#92;in &#92;{1,2,&#92;ldots,n&#92;}' title='b&#92;in &#92;{1,2,&#92;ldots,n&#92;}' class='latex' /> forskelligt fra <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1%2Ca_2%2Ca_3%2Ca_4&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4' title='a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4' class='latex' />. Vi har da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1a_3b%29%5Cin+A_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1a_3b)&#92;in A_n' title='(a_1a_3b)&#92;in A_n' class='latex' /> og dermed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5B%28a_1a_3%29%28a_2a_4%29%5D%28a_1a_3b%29%5B%28a_1a_3%29%28a_2a_4%29%5D%28a_1ba_3%29+%3D+a_1a_3b%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[(a_1a_3)(a_2a_4)](a_1a_3b)[(a_1a_3)(a_2a_4)](a_1ba_3) = a_1a_3b&#92;in N' title='[(a_1a_3)(a_2a_4)](a_1a_3b)[(a_1a_3)(a_2a_4)](a_1ba_3) = a_1a_3b&#92;in N' class='latex' /> (regn selv efter)</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Se selv, at dette dækker alle tilfælde. Husk at produktet af to ikke disjunkter 2-cykler er lig en 3-cykel. (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a+b%29%28a+c%29+%3D+%28a+c+b%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a b)(a c) = (a c b)' title='(a b)(a c) = (a c b)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> For <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cge+3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;ge 3' title='n&#92;ge 3' class='latex' /> er gruppen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_n' title='D_n' class='latex' /> (diedergruppen af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=2n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='2n' title='2n' class='latex' />) en gruppe hvis generatorer <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a,b' title='a,b' class='latex' /> opfylder:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%7Ca%7C+%3D+n%2C+%7Cb%7C+%3D+2%2C+ba+%3D+a%5E%7B-1%7Db&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='|a| = n, |b| = 2, ba = a^{-1}b' title='|a| = n, |b| = 2, ba = a^{-1}b' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">En gruppe genereret af elementer <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cb&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a,b' title='a,b' class='latex' /> der opfylder disse for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cge+3&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;ge 3' title='n&#92;ge 3' class='latex' /> er isomorf med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_n' title='D_n' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Orker ikke lige at skrive det. Bemærk at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_n' title='D_n' class='latex' /> er defineret som gruppen frembragt af elementerne</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a+%3D+%281+2+3+%5Ccdots+n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a = (1 2 3 &#92;cdots n)' title='a = (1 2 3 &#92;cdots n)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b+%3D+%5Cprod_%7B2%5Cle+i%3Cn+%2B+2+-+i%7D+%28i+n%2B2-i%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b = &#92;prod_{2&#92;le i&lt;n + 2 - i} (i n+2-i)' title='b = &#92;prod_{2&#92;le i&lt;n + 2 - i} (i n+2-i)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b+%3D+%5Cbegin%7Bpmatrix%7D+1+%26+2+%26+3+%26+%5Ccdots+%26+i+%26+%5Ccdots+%26+n+%5C%5C+1+%26+n+%26+n-1+%26+%5Ccdots+%26+n%2B2-i+%26+%5Ccdots+%26+2+%5Cend%7Bpmatrix%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b = &#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; &#92;cdots &amp; i &amp; &#92;cdots &amp; n &#92;&#92; 1 &amp; n &amp; n-1 &amp; &#92;cdots &amp; n+2-i &amp; &#92;cdots &amp; 2 &#92;end{pmatrix}' title='b = &#92;begin{pmatrix} 1 &amp; 2 &amp; 3 &amp; &#92;cdots &amp; i &amp; &#92;cdots &amp; n &#92;&#92; 1 &amp; n &amp; n-1 &amp; &#92;cdots &amp; n+2-i &amp; &#92;cdots &amp; 2 &#92;end{pmatrix}' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vis at disse elementer opfylder kravene.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Beviset for isomorfi går ud på at bruge egenskaberne for frembringerne til at vise, at alle elementer kan skrives som <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Eib%5Ej%2C+0%5Cle+i%3Cn%2C+j+%3D+0%2C1&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a^ib^j, 0&#92;le i&lt;n, j = 0,1' title='a^ib^j, 0&#92;le i&lt;n, j = 0,1' class='latex' /> og lave en isomorfi. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28a%29+%3D+%281+2+3+%5Ccdots+n%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(a) = (1 2 3 &#92;cdots n)' title='f(a) = (1 2 3 &#92;cdots n)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28b%29+%3D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(b) =' title='f(b) =' class='latex' /> den anden generator af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=D_n&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='D_n' title='D_n' class='latex' /> <img src='http://s1.wp.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_wink.gif' alt=';)' class='wp-smiley' /> </p>
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		<title>Algebra1 &#8211; normale undergrupper, kvotientgrupper og homomorfier</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/02/20/algebra1-normale-undergrupper-kvotientgrupper-og-homomorfier/</link>
		<comments>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/02/20/algebra1-normale-undergrupper-kvotientgrupper-og-homomorfier/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 20 Feb 2011 15:26:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[anden]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[første]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[isomorfisætning]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[tredje]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Vi skal nu kigge på normale undergrupper og kvotientgrupper i forhold til diverse homomorfier. Sætning: Hvis er en homomorfi og , så . Da findes der en entydigt bestemt homomorfi så og og . Bevis: Vi vil kigge på en afbildning givet ved . Denne er veldefineret, da kan skrives som . Vi har nu, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=693&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Vi skal nu kigge på normale undergrupper og kvotientgrupper i forhold til diverse homomorfier.</p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%3AG%5Cto+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f:G&#92;to H' title='f:G&#92;to H' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Cvartriangleleft+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;vartriangleleft G' title='N&#92;vartriangleleft G' class='latex' />, så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Csubseteq+%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;subseteq &#92;ker f' title='N&#92;subseteq &#92;ker f' class='latex' />. Da findes der en entydigt bestemt homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D+%3A+G%2FN%5Cto+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f} : G/N&#92;to H' title='&#92;overline{f} : G/N&#92;to H' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D%28aN%29+%3D+f%28a%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f}(aN) = f(a)' title='&#92;overline{f}(aN) = f(a)' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Ctext%7BIm%7D+f+%3D+%5Ctext%7BIm%7D+%5Coverline%7Bf%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;text{Im} f = &#92;text{Im} &#92;overline{f}' title='&#92;text{Im} f = &#92;text{Im} &#92;overline{f}' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+%5Coverline%7Bf%7D+%3D+%28%5Cker+f%29%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker &#92;overline{f} = (&#92;ker f)/N' title='&#92;ker &#92;overline{f} = (&#92;ker f)/N' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><a href="http://sorendahlgaard.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/saetn_5_6.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-702" title="Diagram for sætningen" src="http://sorendahlgaard.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/saetn_5_6.png?w=500" alt=""   /></a><a href="http://sorendahlgaard.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/saetn_5_6-gv.pdf"><br />
</a></p>
<p><a href="http://sorendahlgaard.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/saetn_5_6-gv.pdf"></a><a href="http://sorendahlgaard.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/saetn_5_6-gv.pdf"></a></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Vi vil kigge på en afbildning <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D+%3A+G%2FN+%5Cto+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f} : G/N &#92;to H' title='&#92;overline{f} : G/N &#92;to H' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D%28aN%29+%3D+f%28a%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f}(aN) = f(a)' title='&#92;overline{f}(aN) = f(a)' class='latex' />. Denne er veldefineret, da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b%5Cin+aN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b&#92;in aN' title='b&#92;in aN' class='latex' /> kan skrives som <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b+%3D+an%2C+n%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b = an, n&#92;in N' title='b = an, n&#92;in N' class='latex' />. Vi har nu, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28b%29+%3D+f%28an%29+%3D+f%28a%29f%28n%29+%3D+f%28a%29e+%3D+f%28a%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(b) = f(an) = f(a)f(n) = f(a)e = f(a)' title='f(b) = f(an) = f(a)f(n) = f(a)e = f(a)' class='latex' />. Vi kan således se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f}' title='&#92;overline{f}' class='latex' /> er veldefineret.</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f}' title='&#92;overline{f}' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi, da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D%28aNbN%29+%3D+%5Coverline%7Bf%7D%28abN%29+%3D+f%28ab%29+%3D+f%28a%29f%28b%29+%3D+%5Coverline%7Bf%7D%28aN%29%5Coverline%7Bf%7D%28bN%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f}(aNbN) = &#92;overline{f}(abN) = f(ab) = f(a)f(b) = &#92;overline{f}(aN)&#92;overline{f}(bN)' title='&#92;overline{f}(aNbN) = &#92;overline{f}(abN) = f(ab) = f(a)f(b) = &#92;overline{f}(aN)&#92;overline{f}(bN)' class='latex' />. Det er klart, at billedet er det samme for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f}' title='&#92;overline{f}' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' />. Yderligere <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aN%5Cin+%5Cker+%5Coverline%7Bf%7D%5CLeftrightarrow+f%28a%29+%3D+e+%5CLeftrightarrow+a%5Cin+%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aN&#92;in &#92;ker &#92;overline{f}&#92;Leftrightarrow f(a) = e &#92;Leftrightarrow a&#92;in &#92;ker f' title='aN&#92;in &#92;ker &#92;overline{f}&#92;Leftrightarrow f(a) = e &#92;Leftrightarrow a&#92;in &#92;ker f' class='latex' /> Dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+%5Coverline%7Bf%7D+%3D+%5C%7BaN+%7C+a%5Cin+%5Cker+f%5C%7D+%3D+%28%5Cker+f%29%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker &#92;overline{f} = &#92;{aN | a&#92;in &#92;ker f&#92;} = (&#92;ker f)/N' title='&#92;ker &#92;overline{f} = &#92;{aN | a&#92;in &#92;ker f&#92;} = (&#92;ker f)/N' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7Bf%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{f}' title='&#92;overline{f}' class='latex' /> er en monomorfi hvis og kun hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+%5Coverline%7Bf%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker &#92;overline{f}' title='&#92;ker &#92;overline{f}' class='latex' /> er den trivielle undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/N' title='G/N' class='latex' /> dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+f+%3D+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker f = N' title='&#92;ker f = N' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Korollar (1. isomorfisætning):</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+G%5Cto+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : G&#92;to H' title='f : G&#92;to H' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi, da kan vi udlede en isomorfi givet ved: <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2F%5Cker+f+%5Ccong+%5Ctext%7BIm%7D+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/&#92;ker f &#92;cong &#92;text{Im} f' title='G/&#92;ker f &#92;cong &#92;text{Im} f' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Forrige sætning med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N+%3D+%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N = &#92;ker f' title='N = &#92;ker f' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Korollar (2. isomorfisætning):</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%2CN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K,N' title='K,N' class='latex' /> er undergrupper af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Cvartriangleleft+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;vartriangleleft G' title='N&#92;vartriangleleft G' class='latex' />. Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%2F%28N%5Ccap+K%29%5Ccong+NK%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K/(N&#92;cap K)&#92;cong NK/N' title='K/(N&#92;cap K)&#92;cong NK/N' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_1k_1%2C+n_2k_2%5Cin+NK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_1k_1, n_2k_2&#92;in NK' title='n_1k_1, n_2k_2&#92;in NK' class='latex' /> hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_i%5Cin+N%2C+k_i%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_i&#92;in N, k_i&#92;in K' title='n_i&#92;in N, k_i&#92;in K' class='latex' />. Da er</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28n_1k_1%29%5E%7B-1%7Dn_2k_2+%3D+k_1%5E%7B-1%7Dn_1%5E%7B-1%7Dn_2k_2+%3D+k_1%5E%7B-1%7Dn_1%5E%7B-1%7Dn_2k_1k_1%5E%7B-1%7Dk_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(n_1k_1)^{-1}n_2k_2 = k_1^{-1}n_1^{-1}n_2k_2 = k_1^{-1}n_1^{-1}n_2k_1k_1^{-1}k_2' title='(n_1k_1)^{-1}n_2k_2 = k_1^{-1}n_1^{-1}n_2k_2 = k_1^{-1}n_1^{-1}n_2k_1k_1^{-1}k_2' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er normal har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_1%5E%7B-1%7Dn_1%5E%7B-1%7Dn_2k_1+%3D+n_3%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_1^{-1}n_1^{-1}n_2k_1 = n_3&#92;in N' title='k_1^{-1}n_1^{-1}n_2k_1 = n_3&#92;in N' class='latex' /> dvs.</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_3k_1%5E%7B-1%7Dk_2+%5Cin+NK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_3k_1^{-1}k_2 &#92;in NK' title='n_3k_1^{-1}k_2 &#92;in NK' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Dermed er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=NK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='NK' title='NK' class='latex' /> en undergruppe og vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Cvartriangleleft+NK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;vartriangleleft NK' title='N&#92;vartriangleleft NK' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cin+N%5Ccap+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;in N&#92;cap K' title='n&#92;in N&#92;cap K' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k&#92;in K' title='k&#92;in K' class='latex' />. Da fås:</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=knk%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='knk^{-1}&#92;in N' title='knk^{-1}&#92;in N' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=knk%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='knk^{-1}&#92;in K' title='knk^{-1}&#92;in K' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er normal og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;in K' title='n&#92;in K' class='latex' />. Dermed har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Ccap+K%5Cvartriangleleft+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;cap K&#92;vartriangleleft K' title='N&#92;cap K&#92;vartriangleleft K' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Betragt nu homomorfien <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A+K%5Cto+NK%5Cto+NK%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f: K&#92;to NK&#92;to NK/N' title='f: K&#92;to NK&#92;to NK/N' class='latex' /> givet ved den kanoniske homomorfi (<img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi+%3A+NK%5Cto+NK%2FN+%3D+%5Cpi%28a%29+%3D+aN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi : NK&#92;to NK/N = &#92;pi(a) = aN' title='&#92;pi : NK&#92;to NK/N = &#92;pi(a) = aN' class='latex' />. Vi finder, at kernen er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5C%7Bk%5Cin+K+%7C+k%5Cin+N%5C%7D+%3D+k%5Cin+N%5Ccap+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;{k&#92;in K | k&#92;in N&#92;} = k&#92;in N&#92;cap K' title='&#92;{k&#92;in K | k&#92;in N&#92;} = k&#92;in N&#92;cap K' class='latex' />. Ethvert element i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=NK%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='NK/N' title='NK/N' class='latex' /> har formen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=nkN+%3D+kk%5E%7B-1%7DnkN+%3D+kN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='nkN = kk^{-1}nkN = kN' title='nkN = kk^{-1}nkN = kN' class='latex' /> da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er normal. Derfor er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f' title='f' class='latex' /> surjektiv. Vi får nu fra første isomorfi sætning, at</p>
<p style="text-align:center;"><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%2F%5Cker+f+%5Ccong+%5Ctext%7BIm%7D+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K/&#92;ker f &#92;cong &#92;text{Im} f' title='K/&#92;ker f &#92;cong &#92;text{Im} f' class='latex' /> dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%2FN%5Ccap+K+%5Ccong+NK%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K/N&#92;cap K &#92;cong NK/N' title='K/N&#92;cap K &#92;cong NK/N' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar (3. isomorfisætning):</strong> Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%2CK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H,K' title='H,K' class='latex' /> være normale undergrupper af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> så <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K+%3C+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K &lt; H' title='K &lt; H' class='latex' />. Da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%2FK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H/K' title='H/K' class='latex' /> en normal undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/K' title='G/K' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28G%2FK%29%2F%28H%2FK%29%5Ccong+G%2FH&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(G/K)/(H/K)&#92;cong G/H' title='(G/K)/(H/K)&#92;cong G/H' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Vi har den kanoniske homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi+%3A+G%5Cto+G%2FH&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi : G&#92;to G/H' title='&#92;pi : G&#92;to G/H' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%5Csubseteq+%5Cker+%5Cpi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K&#92;subseteq &#92;ker &#92;pi' title='K&#92;subseteq &#92;ker &#92;pi' class='latex' /> (fordi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K+%3C+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K &lt; H' title='K &lt; H' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+%5Cpi+%3D+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker &#92;pi = H' title='&#92;ker &#92;pi = H' class='latex' />), får vi induceret en homomorfi <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7B%5Cpi%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{&#92;pi}' title='&#92;overline{&#92;pi}' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Coverline%7B%5Cpi%7D%28aK%29+%3D+%5Cpi%28a%29+%3D+aH&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;overline{&#92;pi}(aK) = &#92;pi(a) = aH' title='&#92;overline{&#92;pi}(aK) = &#92;pi(a) = aH' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Vi kan se, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+%5Coverline%7B%5Cpi%7D+%3D+%5C%7BaK%5Cin+G%2FK+%7C+aH+%3D+H%5C%7D+%3D+%5C%7BaK%5Cin+G%2FK+%7C+a%5Cin+H%5C%7D+%3D+H%2FK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker &#92;overline{&#92;pi} = &#92;{aK&#92;in G/K | aH = H&#92;} = &#92;{aK&#92;in G/K | a&#92;in H&#92;} = H/K' title='&#92;ker &#92;overline{&#92;pi} = &#92;{aK&#92;in G/K | aH = H&#92;} = &#92;{aK&#92;in G/K | a&#92;in H&#92;} = H/K' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H%2FK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H/K' title='H/K' class='latex' /> er kernen for en homomorfi fra <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FK&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/K' title='G/K' class='latex' /> må den således være normal i denne. Vi kan nu bruge første isomorfisætning til at vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28G%2FK%29%2F%28H%2FK%29+%5Ccong+G%2FH&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(G/K)/(H/K) &#92;cong G/H' title='(G/K)/(H/K) &#92;cong G/H' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3A+G%5Cto+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f : G&#92;to H' title='f : G&#92;to H' class='latex' /> er en epimorfi af grupper, da er afbildningen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%5Cmapsto+f%28K%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K&#92;mapsto f(K)' title='K&#92;mapsto f(K)' class='latex' /> en 1-til-1 korrenspondence mellem mængden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S_f%28G%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S_f(G)' title='S_f(G)' class='latex' /> der indeholder alle undergrupper <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K+%3C+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K &lt; G' title='K &lt; G' class='latex' />, som indeholder <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker f' title='&#92;ker f' class='latex' /> og mængden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=S%28H%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='S(H)' title='S(H)' class='latex' /> af alle undergrupper af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H' title='H' class='latex' />. Under denne korrespondence svarer normale undergrupper til normale undergrupper.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K+%3C+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K &lt; G' title='K &lt; G' class='latex' /> er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28K%29+%3C+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(K) &lt; H' title='f(K) &lt; H' class='latex' />. Omvendt, hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=J+%3C+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='J &lt; H' title='J &lt; H' class='latex' /> er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5E%7B-1%7D%28J%29+%3C+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f^{-1}(J) &lt; G' title='f^{-1}(J) &lt; G' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+f+%3C+f%5E%7B-1%7D%28J%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker f &lt; f^{-1}(J)' title='&#92;ker f &lt; f^{-1}(J)' class='latex' /></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28f%5E%7B-1%7D%28J%29%29+%3D+J&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(f^{-1}(J)) = J' title='f(f^{-1}(J)) = J' class='latex' /> er afbildningen surjektiv.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Hvis vi har <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%3CG&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K&lt;G' title='K&lt;G' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+f+%3C+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker f &lt; K' title='&#92;ker f &lt; K' class='latex' /> gælder <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%5E%7B-1%7D%28f%28K%29%29+%3D+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f^{-1}(f(K)) = K' title='f^{-1}(f(K)) = K' class='latex' />, bevis: Det er klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%5Csubseteq+f%5E%7B-1%7D%28f%28K%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K&#92;subseteq f^{-1}(f(K))' title='K&#92;subseteq f^{-1}(f(K))' class='latex' />. Antag <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cin+f%5E%7B-1%7D%28f%28K%29%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;in f^{-1}(f(K))' title='g&#92;in f^{-1}(f(K))' class='latex' />, dvs <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28g%29%5Cin+f%28K%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(g)&#92;in f(K)' title='f(g)&#92;in f(K)' class='latex' />. Dvs <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28g%29+%3D+f%28k%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(g) = f(k)' title='f(g) = f(k)' class='latex' /> for et vist <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k' title='k' class='latex' />. Dvs. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28gk%5E%7B-1%7D%29+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(gk^{-1}) = e' title='f(gk^{-1}) = e' class='latex' />. Altså <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=gk%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='gk^{-1}&#92;in &#92;ker f' title='gk^{-1}&#92;in &#92;ker f' class='latex' />. Altså <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=g%5Cin+Kk+%3D+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='g&#92;in Kk = K' title='g&#92;in Kk = K' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Det kan let checkes, at normale undergrupper svarer til normale undergrupper.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Korollar:</strong> Enhver undergruper af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/N' title='G/N' class='latex' /> har formen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K/N' title='K/N' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K+%3C+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K &lt; G' title='K &lt; G' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N+%3C+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N &lt; K' title='N &lt; K' class='latex' />. <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K/N' title='K/N' class='latex' /> er normal hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' /> er normal i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />.</p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Bevis:</strong> Anvend forrige sætning med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G+%3D+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G = G' title='G = G' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=H+%3D+G%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='H = G/N' title='H = G/N' class='latex' />. lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f+%3D+%5Cpi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f = &#92;pi' title='f = &#92;pi' class='latex' />.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">Diagram for sætningen</media:title>
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		<title>Algebra1 &#8211; Normalitet, kvotientgrupper, mv.</title>
		<link>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/02/15/algebra1-normalitet-kvotientgrupper-mv/</link>
		<comments>http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/2011/02/15/algebra1-normalitet-kvotientgrupper-mv/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Feb 2011 22:45:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sorendahlgaard</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Algebra1]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kvotientgruppe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[normal undergruppe]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com/?p=687</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sætning: Hvis er en undergruppe af er følgende ækvivalent: Højre og venstre kongruens modulo definerer den samme relation på Enhver venstre sideklasse af i er også en højre sideklasse af i for alle for alle , hvor for alle Bevis: Det er klart, at (1) og (3) er ækvivalent, så vi vil vise, at (2) [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=sorendahlgaard.wordpress.com&amp;blog=9312375&amp;post=687&amp;subd=sorendahlgaard&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er en undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er følgende ækvivalent:</p>
<ol>
<li>Højre og venstre kongruens modulo <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> definerer den samme relation på <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /></li>
<li>Enhver venstre sideklasse af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> er også en højre sideklasse af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aN+%3D+Na&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aN = Na' title='aN = Na' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in G' title='a&#92;in G' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aNa%5E%7B-1%7D%5Csubseteq+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aNa^{-1}&#92;subseteq N' title='aNa^{-1}&#92;subseteq N' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in G' title='a&#92;in G' class='latex' />, hvor <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aNa%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+%5C%7Bana%5E%7B-1%7D+%7C+n%5Cin+N%5C%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aNa^{-1} = &#92;{ana^{-1} | n&#92;in N&#92;}' title='aNa^{-1} = &#92;{ana^{-1} | n&#92;in N&#92;}' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aNa%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aNa^{-1} = N' title='aNa^{-1} = N' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in G' title='a&#92;in G' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Det er klart, at (1) og (3) er ækvivalent, så vi vil vise, at (2) medfører (3) medfører (4) medfører (5) medfører (2):</p>
<p>(2) =&gt; (3): Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aN+%3D+Nb&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aN = Nb' title='aN = Nb' class='latex' /> for et vilkårligt <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b&#92;in G' title='b&#92;in G' class='latex' /> så har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+Nb%5Ccap+Na&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in Nb&#92;cap Na' title='a&#92;in Nb&#92;cap Na' class='latex' />. Men da vi har tale om ækvivalensklasser er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Nb&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='Nb' title='Nb' class='latex' /> enten lig hinanden eller disjunkte. Da de tydeligvis ikke er disjunkte må de være ens. (Og derfor må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aN+%3D+Nb+%3D+Na&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aN = Nb = Na' title='aN = Nb = Na' class='latex' />)</p>
<p>(3) =&gt; (4):  Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aN+%3D+Na&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aN = Na' title='aN = Na' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aNa%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+Naa%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aNa^{-1} = Naa^{-1} = N' title='aNa^{-1} = Naa^{-1} = N' class='latex' />. Dette viser også (3) =&gt; (5).</p>
<p>(4) =&gt; (5): Hvis vi har <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aNa%5E%7B-1%7D+%5Csubseteq+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aNa^{-1} &#92;subseteq N' title='aNa^{-1} &#92;subseteq N' class='latex' /> har vi også, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5E%7B-1%7DNa+%5Csubseteq+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a^{-1}Na &#92;subseteq N' title='a^{-1}Na &#92;subseteq N' class='latex' />. Derfor for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cin+N%2C+n+%3D+a%28a%5E%7B-1%7DNa%29a%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+aNa%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;in N, n = a(a^{-1}Na)a^{-1}&#92;in aNa^{-1}' title='n&#92;in N, n = a(a^{-1}Na)a^{-1}&#92;in aNa^{-1}' class='latex' /> og derfor, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Csubseteq+aNa%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;subseteq aNa^{-1}' title='N&#92;subseteq aNa^{-1}' class='latex' />.</p>
<p>(5) =&gt; (2): <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=aNa%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+N+%5CRightarrow+aNa%5E%7B-1%7Da+%3D+aN+%3D+Na&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='aNa^{-1} = N &#92;Rightarrow aNa^{-1}a = aN = Na' title='aNa^{-1} = N &#92;Rightarrow aNa^{-1}a = aN = Na' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Definition:</strong> En undergruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> der overholder en af kravene fra sætningen herover kaldes en normal undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> og skrives <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cvartriangleleft+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;vartriangleleft G' title='n&#92;vartriangleleft G' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><strong>Sætning: </strong>Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%2CN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K,N' title='K,N' class='latex' /> være undergrupper af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> og lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Cvartriangleleft+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;vartriangleleft G' title='N&#92;vartriangleleft G' class='latex' />. Da gælder følgende:</p>
<ol>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Ccap+K+%5Cvartriangleleft+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;cap K &#92;vartriangleleft K' title='N&#92;cap K &#92;vartriangleleft K' class='latex' /></li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Cvartriangleleft+N%5Clor+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;vartriangleleft N&#92;lor K' title='N&#92;vartriangleleft N&#92;lor K' class='latex' /> (husk, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Clor+K+%3D+%5Clangle+N%5Ccup+K+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;lor K = &#92;langle N&#92;cup K &#92;rangle' title='N&#92;lor K = &#92;langle N&#92;cup K &#92;rangle' class='latex' />)</li>
<li><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=NK+%3D+%5Clangle+N%5Clor+K+%3D+KN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='NK = &#92;langle N&#92;lor K = KN' title='NK = &#92;langle N&#92;lor K = KN' class='latex' /></li>
<li>Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K' title='K' class='latex' /> også er normal i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=K%5Ccap+N+%3D+%5Clangle+e+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='K&#92;cap N = &#92;langle e &#92;rangle' title='K&#92;cap N = &#92;langle e &#92;rangle' class='latex' /> så har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=nk+%3D+kn&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='nk = kn' title='nk = kn' class='latex' /> for alle <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k%5Cin+K%2C+n%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k&#92;in K, n&#92;in N' title='k&#92;in K, n&#92;in N' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Hvis vi har <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in K' title='a&#92;in K' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cin+N%5Ccup+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;in N&#92;cup K' title='n&#92;in N&#92;cup K' class='latex' /> da må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ana%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='ana^{-1}&#92;in N' title='ana^{-1}&#92;in N' class='latex' /> da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er normal i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />. Vi har også, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ana%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='ana^{-1}&#92;in K' title='ana^{-1}&#92;in K' class='latex' /> da både <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%2Cn%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a,n&#92;in K' title='a,n&#92;in K' class='latex' />. Derfor må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=ana%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+N%5Ccap+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='ana^{-1}&#92;in N&#92;cap K' title='ana^{-1}&#92;in N&#92;cap K' class='latex' /> og dermed at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%5Ccap+K%5Cvartriangleleft+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&#92;cap K&#92;vartriangleleft K' title='N&#92;cap K&#92;vartriangleleft K' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>Er triviel, da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N%3CN%5Clor+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N&lt;N&#92;lor K' title='N&lt;N&#92;lor K' class='latex' /></li>
<li>Et element <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+N%5Clor+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in N&#92;lor K' title='x&#92;in N&#92;lor K' class='latex' /> er skrevet på formen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_1k_1n_2k_2%5Ccdots+n_rk_r&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_1k_1n_2k_2&#92;cdots n_rk_r' title='n_1k_1n_2k_2&#92;cdots n_rk_r' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_i%5Cin+N%2C+k_i%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_i&#92;in N, k_i&#92;in K' title='n_i&#92;in N, k_i&#92;in K' class='latex' />. Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er normal har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_ik_j+%3D+k_jn_i%27&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_ik_j = k_jn_i&#039;' title='n_ik_j = k_jn_i&#039;' class='latex' /> for et <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_i%27%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_i&#039;&#92;in N' title='n_i&#039;&#92;in N' class='latex' />. Vi har derfor, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_1k_1n_2k_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_1k_1n_2k_2' title='n_1k_1n_2k_2' class='latex' /> kan skrives som <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_1n_2%27k_1k_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_1n_2&#039;k_1k_2' title='n_1n_2&#039;k_1k_2' class='latex' /> (ved at bytte <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_1n_2&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_1n_2' title='k_1n_2' class='latex' /> ud). Da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n_1n_2%27%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n_1n_2&#039;&#92;in N' title='n_1n_2&#039;&#92;in N' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=k_1k_2%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='k_1k_2&#92;in K' title='k_1k_2&#92;in K' class='latex' /> har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x+%3D+nk&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x = nk' title='x = nk' class='latex' /> for et vist <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cin+N%2C+k%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;in N, k&#92;in K' title='n&#92;in N, k&#92;in K' class='latex' />. Det samme bevis kan anvendes for at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=KN+%3D+N%5Clor+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='KN = N&#92;lor K' title='KN = N&#92;lor K' class='latex' />.</li>
<li>Lad <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%5Cin+N%2C+k%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n&#92;in N, k&#92;in K' title='n&#92;in N, k&#92;in K' class='latex' /> da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=nkn%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='nkn^{-1}&#92;in K' title='nkn^{-1}&#92;in K' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=kn%5E%7B-1%7Dk%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='kn^{-1}k^{-1}&#92;in N' title='kn^{-1}k^{-1}&#92;in N' class='latex' />. Derfor må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28nkn%5E%7B-1%7D%29k%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+K&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(nkn^{-1})k^{-1}&#92;in K' title='(nkn^{-1})k^{-1}&#92;in K' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=n%28kn%5E%7B-1%7Dk%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='n(kn^{-1}k^{-1})&#92;in N' title='n(kn^{-1}k^{-1})&#92;in N' class='latex' /> og dermed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28nkn%5E%7B-1%7D%29k%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+n%28kn%5E%7B-1%7Dk%5E%7B-1%7D%29%5Cin+N%5Ccap+K+%3D+%5Clangle+e+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(nkn^{-1})k^{-1} = n(kn^{-1}k^{-1})&#92;in N&#92;cap K = &#92;langle e &#92;rangle' title='(nkn^{-1})k^{-1} = n(kn^{-1}k^{-1})&#92;in N&#92;cap K = &#92;langle e &#92;rangle' class='latex' />. Hvilket giver, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=nk%28n%5E%7B-1%7Dk%5E%7B-1%7D%29+%3D+nk%28kn%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='nk(n^{-1}k^{-1}) = nk(kn)^{-1} = e' title='nk(n^{-1}k^{-1}) = nk(kn)^{-1} = e' class='latex' />. Og derfor må <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=nk+%3D+kn&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='nk = kn' title='nk = kn' class='latex' /></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N+%5Cvartriangleleft+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N &#92;vartriangleleft G' title='N &#92;vartriangleleft G' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/N' title='G/N' class='latex' /> er mængden af alle (venstre) sideklasser af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />, da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/N' title='G/N' class='latex' /> en gruppe af orden <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5BG%3AN%5D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='[G:N]' title='[G:N]' class='latex' /> under kompositionen <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28aN%29%28bN%29+%3D+%28ab%29N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(aN)(bN) = (ab)N' title='(aN)(bN) = (ab)N' class='latex' /></p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> For at se, at kompositionen er veldefineret skal vi først vise, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1%5Cequiv+a+%28%5Cmod+N%29+%5Cland+b_1%5Cequiv+b+%28%5Cmod+N%29+%5CRightarrow+a_1b_1%5Cequiv+ab+%28%5Cmod+N%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1&#92;equiv a (&#92;mod N) &#92;land b_1&#92;equiv b (&#92;mod N) &#92;Rightarrow a_1b_1&#92;equiv ab (&#92;mod N)' title='a_1&#92;equiv a (&#92;mod N) &#92;land b_1&#92;equiv b (&#92;mod N) &#92;Rightarrow a_1b_1&#92;equiv ab (&#92;mod N)' class='latex' /> (og dermed, at der er tale om en kongruensrelation). Vi ved, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a_1a%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+n_1%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a_1a^{-1} = n_1&#92;in N' title='a_1a^{-1} = n_1&#92;in N' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=b_1b%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+n_2%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='b_1b^{-1} = n_2&#92;in N' title='b_1b^{-1} = n_2&#92;in N' class='latex' />. Dermed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1b_1%29%28ab%29%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+a_1b_1b%5E%7B-1%7Da%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+%28a_1n_2%29a%5E%7B-1%7D&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1b_1)(ab)^{-1} = a_1b_1b^{-1}a^{-1} = (a_1n_2)a^{-1}' title='(a_1b_1)(ab)^{-1} = a_1b_1b^{-1}a^{-1} = (a_1n_2)a^{-1}' class='latex' /> Men da <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er normal har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1n_2%29a%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+n_3a_1a%5E%7B-1%7D+%3D+n_3n_1+%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1n_2)a^{-1} = n_3a_1a^{-1} = n_3n_1 &#92;in N' title='(a_1n_2)a^{-1} = n_3a_1a^{-1} = n_3n_1 &#92;in N' class='latex' />. Dermed har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%28a_1b_1%29%28ab%29%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='(a_1b_1)(ab)^{-1}&#92;in N' title='(a_1b_1)(ab)^{-1}&#92;in N' class='latex' /> og dermed er de en del af samme ækvivalensklasse.</p>
<p>Denne gruppe <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/N' title='G/N' class='latex' /> kaldes for kvotientgruppen eller faktorgruppen af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' /> med <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /></p>
<p>(Tag evt. et par sekunder og overvej at alt dette passer for <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=Z%2F%5Clangle+m+%5Crangle&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='Z/&#92;langle m &#92;rangle' title='Z/&#92;langle m &#92;rangle' class='latex' />)</p>
<h2>Homomorfier</h2>
<p>vi skal nu kigge på nogle homomorfier i forhold til kvotientgrupper, normale undergrupper og andre homomorfier.</p>
<p><strong>Sætning:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%3A+G%5Cto+H&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f: G&#92;to H' title='f: G&#92;to H' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi, da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;ker f' title='&#92;ker f' class='latex' /> en normal undergruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />. Omvendt, hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> er en normal undegruppe af <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G' title='G' class='latex' />, da er <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=N&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='N' title='N' class='latex' /> kernen i en afbildning <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi+%3A+G%5Cto+G%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi : G&#92;to G/N' title='&#92;pi : G&#92;to G/N' class='latex' /> givet ved <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi%28a%29+%3D+aN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi(a) = aN' title='&#92;pi(a) = aN' class='latex' /> og denne er en epimorfi.</p>
<p><strong>Bevis:</strong> Hvis <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=x%5Cin+%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='x&#92;in &#92;ker f' title='x&#92;in &#92;ker f' class='latex' /> og <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=a%5Cin+G&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='a&#92;in G' title='a&#92;in G' class='latex' /> da har vi, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=f%28axa%5E%7B-1%7D%29+%3D+f%28a%29f%28x%29f%28a%5E%7B-1%7D%29+%3D+f%28a%29e+f%28a%5E%7B-1%7D%29+%3D+e&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='f(axa^{-1}) = f(a)f(x)f(a^{-1}) = f(a)e f(a^{-1}) = e' title='f(axa^{-1}) = f(a)f(x)f(a^{-1}) = f(a)e f(a^{-1}) = e' class='latex' /> og dermed <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=axa%5E%7B-1%7D%5Cin+%5Cker+f&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='axa^{-1}&#92;in &#92;ker f' title='axa^{-1}&#92;in &#92;ker f' class='latex' />.</p>
<p><img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi' title='&#92;pi' class='latex' /> er klart surjektiv. Da vi har, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi%28ab%29+%3D+%28ab%29N+%3D+%28aN%29%28bN%29+%3D+%5Cpi%28a%29%5Cpi%28b%29&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi(ab) = (ab)N = (aN)(bN) = &#92;pi(a)&#92;pi(b)' title='&#92;pi(ab) = (ab)N = (aN)(bN) = &#92;pi(a)&#92;pi(b)' class='latex' /> (pr. definitionen af kompositionen i <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=G%2FN&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='G/N' title='G/N' class='latex' />) er det også klart, at <img src='http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cpi&amp;bg=ffffff&amp;fg=4b5d67&amp;s=0' alt='&#92;pi' title='&#92;pi' class='latex' /> er en homomorfi. Derfor er det en epimorfi.</p>
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